Neuro-Orbital Ultrasound: Ocular Color-Coded Duplex Sonography (OCCS)

Abstract

Ocular color-coded duplex sonography (OCCS) is an easy noninvasive technique with high potential for diagnosis and therapy in diseases with raised intracranial pressure. However, OCCS has not gained widespread use in neurological practice. In this chapter, we describe the OCCS technique and main safety settings to reduce potential risks of the procedure (thermal and/or cavitation). Application of OCCS is the real-time noninvasive estimation of intracranial pressure (ICP) in ICU and/or emergency department by measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), papilla prominence measurement (papilledema), pupillary reactivity, and hemodynamic changes in the intraorbital vessels (flow velocities and spectral waveforms analysis). © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.