Genital Reconstruction in Male-to-Female Gender Affirmation Surgery

Abstract

Gender affirmation surgeries in male-to-female trans individuals (transwomen) present usually the last step in their transition. The genital gender affirmation surgery, commonly referred as vaginoplasty, includes the removal of masculine genitalia and creation of female genitals. There is a huge number of described vaginoplasty techniques but the gold standard is still the penile inversion technique. It is proved that gender affirmation surgeries have a positive impact to quality of life and overall satisfaction of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Herein, we will review the options for vaginoplasty in transgender women and present in details the most commonly used surgical approaches and their outcomes and complications. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.