Browsing by Author "Tancic Gajic, Milina (25121743400)"

Aim: to test effects of estradiol (E2) 1 mg and drospirenone (DRSP) 2 mg in treatment of normal weight menopausal women with typical menopausal symptoms, hyperinsulinism, and grade I hypertension. Material and methods: The participants were 133 menopausal women, mean age 51.82 ± 3.25 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2, waist/hip 0.80 ± 0.05, amenorrhoeic period 2.12 ± 2.10 years. All patients were treated with E2 1 mg and DRSP 2 mg during 12 months period. Blood samples were taken at 8 am before and during 12 months of therapy for: glycemia, lipids, hormonal analysis, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), E2, testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed with 75 g glucose in order to assess insulin secretion. All had grade I hypertension 24 h blood pressure monitoring was performed before and after 12 months of therapy. Results: E2/DRSP significantly decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and apolipoprotein A (ApoA). Insulin area under the curve (AUC) significantly decreased (6586.1 ± 4194.2 vs. 5315.3 ± 2895.0, p <.05) and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (3.53 ± 2.18 vs. 3.0 ± 1.8, p <.05). FSH, LH decreased, E2 increased significantly. Of 24 h day blood pressure decreased significantly. Conclusions: E2/DRSP represents suitable therapy for hyperinsulinemic, grade I hypertensive menopausal women with typical symptoms and normal weight. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Aim: to test effects of estradiol (E2) 1 mg and drospirenone (DRSP) 2 mg in treatment of normal weight menopausal women with typical menopausal symptoms, hyperinsulinism, and grade I hypertension. Material and methods: The participants were 133 menopausal women, mean age 51.82 ± 3.25 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2, waist/hip 0.80 ± 0.05, amenorrhoeic period 2.12 ± 2.10 years. All patients were treated with E2 1 mg and DRSP 2 mg during 12 months period. Blood samples were taken at 8 am before and during 12 months of therapy for: glycemia, lipids, hormonal analysis, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), E2, testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed with 75 g glucose in order to assess insulin secretion. All had grade I hypertension 24 h blood pressure monitoring was performed before and after 12 months of therapy. Results: E2/DRSP significantly decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and apolipoprotein A (ApoA). Insulin area under the curve (AUC) significantly decreased (6586.1 ± 4194.2 vs. 5315.3 ± 2895.0, p <.05) and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (3.53 ± 2.18 vs. 3.0 ± 1.8, p <.05). FSH, LH decreased, E2 increased significantly. Of 24 h day blood pressure decreased significantly. Conclusions: E2/DRSP represents suitable therapy for hyperinsulinemic, grade I hypertensive menopausal women with typical symptoms and normal weight. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Genetic and environmental factors influence the quality of life and well-being. Breaking of adaptive mechanisms, induced by stressors, triggers diseases. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by oligo/amenorrhea, high gonadotropin, and low estradiol levels in women younger than 40 years of age. Known etiological factors inducing POI include chromosomal abnormalities, enzyme changes, autoimmune diseases, FSH receptor gene polymorphism, inhibin B mutation, infectious disease, adnexectomy, radiotherapy, uterine artery embolization, etc. Unknown factors include stressors, inflammation, telomerase shortening, biological clock acceleration, etc. Early POI symptoms, significantly decreasing the quality of life, are hot flushes, irritability, anxiety, depression, mood swings, loss of concentration, insomnia, loss of libido, etc. Late complications include cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, cognitive changes, Alzheimer’s disease, urogenital dysfunction, decreased fertility rate, etc. Diagnosis is confirmed by FSH >40 IU/L (or 25 IU/L), estradiol <50 pmol/L, and oligo/amenorrhea in women younger than 40 years of age. Also, suggested analyses are AMH, inhibin B, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), free testosterone, free thyroxin (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol, vitamin D, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Visualization methods include ultrasound examination of uterus, ovaries, and breasts and osteodensitometry. In untreated POI patients, mortality rate is increased. Therapy with estroprogestogens, and all other insufficient hormones (testosterone, fT4, DHEAS, vitamin D, etc.), has to be initiated immediately and continued without age limits, depending on individual needs, in order to achieve the best quality of life. © 2023, International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.

Main regulators of breast metabolism are estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) [1]. They control cell function, proliferation, and differentiation activating intracellular signaling cascade (Erk, Akt, JNK, and Ark/Stat) of breast tissue [2]. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression in the breast is stable and differs relatively little in correlation with reproductive status, menstrual cycle phase, or exogenous hormones [3]. Estrogens have apocrine, paracrine, and intercrine effects. Receptors for estradiol are present in fibroblast, epithelial cells, adipocytes, and stromal tissue. Intramammary concentration of estradiol is 20 times higher compared to the level in the blood. Estradiol increases number of progesterone receptors, epithelial proliferation in the luteal phase, galactophore differentiation, connective tissue development, and growth hormone. © 2021, International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.