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Browsing by Author "Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315)"

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    Publication
    Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
    (2018)
    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
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    Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
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    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
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    Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
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    Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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    Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
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    Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500)
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    Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600)
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    Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300)
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    Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000)
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    Adib, Mina G. (57204560513)
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    Admasie, Amha (56609274200)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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    Agesa, Kareha M. (57204562362)
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    Agrawal, Anurag (35214460700)
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    Agrawal, Sutapa (57202841733)
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    Ahmadi, Alireza (56336080700)
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    Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Ahmed, Sayem (58601030100)
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    Aichour, Amani Nidhal (57195486768)
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    Aichour, Ibtihel (57195485980)
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    Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine (57195488258)
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    Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil (56666938200)
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    Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (25633566800)
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    Akseer, Nadia (57207801968)
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    Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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    Al-Eyadhy, Ayman (24554080400)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Alam, Khurshid (57203681299)
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    Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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    Alebel, Animut (57195961302)
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    Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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    Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700)
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    Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza (36024974700)
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    Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
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    Alkerwi, Ala'a (57197724313)
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    Alla, Francois (6701580827)
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    Allebeck, Peter (7005187575)
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    Alonso, Jordi (7403482329)
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    Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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    Aminde, Leopold N. (56287711300)
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    Amini, Erfan (35073393800)
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    Ammar, Walid (57208159281)
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    Amoako, Yaw Ampem (44960986700)
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    Anber, Nahla Hamed (57202351369)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Androudi, Sofia (6603286512)
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    Animut, Megbaru Debalkie (57204558749)
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    Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282)
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    Ansari, Hossein (56919376000)
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    Ansha, Mustafa Geleto (57195329453)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Anwari, Palwasha (57217465526)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Arnlov, Johan (6602512227)
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    Arora, Amit (36676951800)
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    Arora, Monika (8700408200)
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    Artaman, Al (57217223811)
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    Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052)
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    Asayesh, Hamid (55334322800)
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    Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay (57203306449)
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    Ataro, Zerihun (57204563849)
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    Atique, Suleman (56505419100)
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    Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900)
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    Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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    Avokpaho, Euripide F.G.A. (57209842037)
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    Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700)
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    Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700)
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    Ayele, Yohanes (57195129631)
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    Ayer, Rakesh (56051098100)
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    Azzopardi, Peter S. (56861081000)
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    Babazadeh, Arefeh (57200079032)
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    Bacha, Umar (57200173721)
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    Badali, Hamid (15123728900)
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    Badawi, Alaa (57216776029)
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    Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615)
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    Ballesteros, Katherine E. (57207968050)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Banerjee, Kajori (57193448932)
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    Bannick, Marlena S. (57206834518)
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    Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar (57204568975)
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    Barboza, Miguel A. (56650777100)
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    Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn (57193065514)
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    Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barquera, Simon (6601928375)
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    Barrero, Lope H. (57208560675)
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    Bassat, Quique (23024176000)
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    Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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    Baune, Bernhard T. (6603807336)
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    Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw (57192710748)
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    Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (57205912040)
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    Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200)
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    Beghi, Ettore (7004809655)
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    Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696)
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    Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000)
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    Bejot, Yannick (14038743100)
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    Bekele, Bayu Begashaw (57196083941)
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    Belachew, Abate Bekele (57201657313)
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    Belay, Ezra (56372891800)
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    Belay, Yihalem Abebe (57202972558)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Bello, Aminu K. (12759638700)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Bensenor, Isabela M. (7004830338)
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    Berman, Adam E. (7201959854)
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    Bernabe, Eduardo (57194696150)
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    Bernstein, Robert S. (56971681200)
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    Bertolacci, Gregory J. (57204558417)
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    Beuran, Mircea (25229806700)
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    Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763)
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    Bhalla, Ashish (57202555305)
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    Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200)
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    Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep (55643126300)
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    Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (24342648300)
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    Biadgo, Belete (55672090500)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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    Bilano, Ver (57189663783)
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    Bililign, Nigus (57216264444)
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    Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat (55408904500)
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    Bisanzio, Donal (57196394991)
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    Biswas, Tuhin (59824959000)
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    Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381)
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    Basara, Berrak Bora (23089934500)
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    Borschmann, Rohan (35091024300)
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    Bosetti, Cristina (7005452936)
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    Bozorgmehr, Kayvan (34767823500)
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    Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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    Brant, Luisa C. (40160889400)
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    Brayne, Carol (57210386759)
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    Brazinova, Alexandra (57216996405)
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    Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)
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    Brenner, Hermann (7201832825)
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    Briant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)
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    Britton, Gabrielle (7004997832)
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    Brugha, Traolach (35370057100)
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    Busse, Reinhard (35589070800)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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    Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919)
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    Cano, Jorge (7201865982)
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    Car, Mate (57113377700)
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    Cardenas, Rosario (57216482927)
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    Carreras, Giulia (57221176357)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Carter, Austin (57201756395)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline (57197814657)
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    Castle, Chris D. (57196079840)
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    Castro, Clara (54787333700)
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    Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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    Catala-Lopez, Ferran (57202553733)
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    Cerin, Ester (14522064200)
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    Chaiah, Yazan (57204565480)
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    Chang, Jung-Chen (57202568248)
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    Charlson, Fiona J. (57191632086)
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    Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
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    Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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    Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Chitheer, Abdulaal (57209314488)
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    Chowdhury, Rajiv (57216138475)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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    Cicuttini, Flavia M. (7005887430)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Cohen, Aaron J. (7404780942)
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    Cooper, Leslie Trumbull (15754277900)
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    Cortesi, Paolo Angelo (57200306512)
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    Cortinovis, Monica (57207893885)
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    Cousin, Ewerton (57194620705)
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    Cowie, Benjamin C. (57202566182)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (57212369327)
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    Cromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)
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    Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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    Crump, John A. (57202595111)
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    Cunningham, Matthew (57204558787)
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    Daba, Alemneh Kabeta (57203300408)
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    Dadi, Abel Fekadu (57031690900)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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    Dang, Anh Kim (57195728465)
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    Dargan, Paul I. (57212154356)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    Das, Siddharth K. (55362129800)
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    Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060)
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    Neves, Jose Das (57208073193)
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    Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402)
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    Dash, Aditya Prasad (57205497428)
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    Davis, Adrian C. (7404296836)
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    Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193)
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    Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163)
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    Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
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    De La Hoz, Fernando Pio (23134262800)
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    De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
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    Degefa, Meaza Girma (57204559873)
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    Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
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    Degfie, Tizta T. (57194129130)
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    Deiparine, Selina (57205252200)
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    Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
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    Demtsu, Balem Betsu (57204566544)
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    Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
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    Deribe, Kebede (57193912587)
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    Dervenis, Nikolaos (35368148900)
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    Des Jarlais, Don C. (56990451200)
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    Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866)
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    Dey, Subhojit (25958052600)
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    Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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    Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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    Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese (57201669580)
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    Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
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    Dirac, M. Ashworth (57193092988)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Dokova, Klara (57201523771)
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    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
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    Donnelly, Christl A. (35468127900)
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    Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
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    Doshi, Pratik P. (57202595536)
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    Douwes-Schultz, Dirk (57196081398)
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    Doyle, Kerrie E. (55693710800)
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    Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
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    Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
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    Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600)
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    Duken, Eyasu Ejeta (57204560558)
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    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
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    Duraes, Andre R. (30867558600)
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    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
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    Ebrahimpour, Soheil (57204558416)
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    Edessa, Dumessa (56922334200)
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    Edvardsson, David (35229255500)
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    Eggen, Anne Elise (7007019553)
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    El Bcheraoui, Charbel (25027689700)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000)
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    Elkout, Hajer (36102315300)
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    Ellingsen, Christian Lycke (7801360950)
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    Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
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    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
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    Er, Benjamin (57204568328)
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    Erskine, Holly E. (57202798676)
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    Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
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    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
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    Esmaeili, Reza (57193352042)
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    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Fakhar, Mahdi (24168542800)
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    Fakhim, Hamed (56532027000)
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    Faramarzi, Mahbobeh (8928307700)
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    Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600)
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    Farhadi, Farzaneh (55869726400)
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    Farinha, Carla Sofia Esá (57190279273)
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    Faro, Andre (36770969600)
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    Farvid, Maryam S. (57216534761)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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    Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein (36458335600)
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    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Feigl, Andrea B. (57202461042)
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    Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400)
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    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Fernandes, Joao C. (35274726800)
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    Ferrari, Alize J. (57195348907)
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    Feyissa, Garumma Tolu (55504728900)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Finegold, Samuel (57195558156)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Fitzmaurice, Christina (57212628757)
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    Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)
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    Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
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    Fornari, Carla (15022250200)
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    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
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    Fuller, John E. (57204565664)
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    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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    Furst, Thomas (57208431345)
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    Furtado, Joao M. (36801755000)
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    Futran, Neal D. (35554564000)
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    Gallus, Silvano (7005387365)
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    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
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    Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A. (55930749500)
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    Gardner, William M. (57204566870)
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    Gebre, Abadi Kahsu (59426751000)
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    Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde (57216482917)
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    Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay (57202566187)
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    Gebremichael, Bereket (57191254167)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo (57204566728)
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    Gelano, Tilayie Feto (57200628899)
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    Geleijnse, Johanna M. (35195702500)
    ;
    Genova-Maleras, Ricard (15070563900)
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    Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310)
    ;
    Gething, Peter W. (57193559189)
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    Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611)
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    Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul (57204797800)
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    Ghadimi, Reza (57202290802)
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    Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil (15724975400)
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    Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam (55371171100)
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    Ghimire, Mamata (57190385188)
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    Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104)
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    Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
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    Gill, Tiffany K. (8545441900)
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    Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331)
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    Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390)
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    Giroud, Maurice (7203027541)
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    Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076)
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    Goenka, Shifalika (57217111080)
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    Goldberg, Ellen M. (57191842703)
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    Goli, Srinivas (39761832500)
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    Gomez-Dantes, Hector (57202555692)
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    Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762)
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    Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891)
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    Gorman, Taren M. (57204559340)
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    Goto, Atsushi (57193212299)
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    Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348)
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    Gnedovskaya, Elena V. (56806916500)
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    Grada, Ayman (55797741000)
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    Grosso, Giuseppe (57196998256)
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    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
    ;
    Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena (7102920800)
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    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
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    Gupta, Prakash C. (58767181900)
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    Gupta, Rahul (57204120071)
    ;
    Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
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    Gupta, Tanush (57219956402)
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    Gutierrez, Reyna Alma (57200298415)
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    Gyawali, Bishal (56237046200)
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    Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125)
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    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
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    Hagos, Tekleberhan B. (57204236893)
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    Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa (57202206322)
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    Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263)
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    Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364)
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    Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352)
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    Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398)
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    Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661)
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    Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122)
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    Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (57202524069)
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    Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903)
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    Hasan, Mehedi (57908537100)
    ;
    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
    ;
    Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
    ;
    Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728)
    ;
    Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    He, Yihua (57204561423)
    ;
    Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar (35867288600)
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    Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
    ;
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    GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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    Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))
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    Towbin, Jeffrey A. (7102520568)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
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    Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565)
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    Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907)
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    Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442)
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    Tudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100)
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    Tuzcu, E. Murat (7005951350)
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    Tymeson, Hayley D. (57194139009)
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    Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475)
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    Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
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    Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
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    Updike, Rachel L. (57204698680)
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    Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600)
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    Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Van Donkelaar, Aaron (15926418500)
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    Varavikova, Elena (7801408611)
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    Varughese, Santosh (22942817500)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (23096834700)
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    Venkateswaran, Vidhya (59829999400)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Villafaina, Santos (57195804127)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
    Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study
    (2020)
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    Fuster, Valentin (7202675508)
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases. © 2020 The Authors
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    Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2017)
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    Zegeye, Elias Asfaw (57209171278)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900)
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    Zhang, Anthony Lin (56391112900)
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    Zhang, Xueying (56283378700)
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    Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods: We estimated cause-specifc deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specifc causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specifc deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings: The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16 - age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL signifcantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the fve leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a fner level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. Interpretation: The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and confict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might refect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which efective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162)
    ;
    Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239)
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    Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Wagner, Gregory R. (57219005948)
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    Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw (57200917385)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wallin, Mitchell Taylor (57201573668)
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    Walson, Judd L. (57203254111)
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    Wang, Yanping (57215440165)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Wassie, Molla Mesele (56499356400)
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    Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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    Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405)
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    Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300)
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    Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398)
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    West, T. Eoin (57756844000)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
    Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2021)
    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Stark, Benjamin A. (57219860666)
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    Johnson, Catherine Owens (57212301236)
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    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Bisignano, Catherine (57211140934)
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    Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat (57200315798)
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    Abbasifard, Mitra (37053407900)
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    Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen (57193543882)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abedi, Vida (36116538600)
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    Abualhasan, Ahmed (57211135523)
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    Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E. (57216675148)
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    Abushouk, Abdelrahman I. (57191479876)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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    Agasthi, Pradyumna (57201708783)
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    Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (57194684030)
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    Ahmad, Sohail (57214884975)
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    Ahmadi, Sepideh (58189812000)
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    Salih, Yusra Ahmed (57407078800)
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    Aji, Budi (55911737200)
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    Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (25633566800)
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    Al Hamad, Hanadi (56955516200)
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    Alif, Sheikh Mohammad (57190228064)
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    Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
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    Almustanyir, Sami (57217589155)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M (57219673720)
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    Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi (15842833200)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Ancuceanu, Robert (35728302200)
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    Anderson, Jason A. (57204563525)
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    Artanti, Kurnia Dwi (57208226137)
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    Ashraf, Tahira (56366752600)
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    Athar, Mohammad (58948211800)
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    Atreya, Alok (55856196800)
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    Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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    Baig, Atif Amin (49460999600)
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    Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin (6603841869)
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    Banach, MacIej (22936699500)
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    Barboza, Miguel A. (56650777100)
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    Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn (57193065514)
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    Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara (7103416331)
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    Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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    Beghi, Ettore (7004809655)
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    Bell, Arielle Wilder (57362817700)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Bensenor, Isabela M. (7004830338)
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    Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint (55932461200)
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    Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint (57209397638)
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    Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth (56398498300)
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    Bhardwaj, Pankaj (57226841442)
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    Bhattacharyya, Krittika (57204647266)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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    Birhanu, Mulugeta M. (57195446157)
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    Bonny, Aime (57190091246)
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    Brauer, Michael (57218330976)
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    Brenner, Hermann (7201832825)
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    Bryazka, Dana (57200015057)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano (56373058500)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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    Cantu-Brito, Carlos (55263281900)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Catapano, Alberico L. (7006246941)
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    Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo (57218384775)
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    Charan, Jaykaran (9251091600)
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    Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan (55760057300)
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    Chowdhury, Enayet Karim (35278162800)
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    Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300)
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    Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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    Colozza, David (57189267373)
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    Costa, Vera Marisa (17134373000)
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    Costanzo, Simona (15519087600)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (57212369327)
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    Dadras, Omid (57205721978)
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    Dagnew, Baye (57208599718)
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    Dai, Xiaochen (57221591169)
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    Dalal, Koustuv (23469128200)
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    Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura (6602880109)
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    D'Amico, Emanuele (59202007400)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Gela, Jiregna Darega (57200246805)
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    Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
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    De La Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa (55326484300)
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    Desai, Rupak (57188681812)
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    Dhamnetiya, Deepak (56884613200)
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    Diaz, Daniel (56644152500)
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    Doshi, Rajkumar (57193926619)
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    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
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    Eftekharzadeh, Sahar (57192113055)
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    Ekholuenetale, Michael (57189344745)
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    El Nahas, Nevine (57479225600)
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    Elgendy, Islam Y. (56022050500)
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    Elhadi, Muhammed (57212082248)
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    El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I (34869528300)
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    Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
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    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
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    Erku, Daniel Asfaw (57190738018)
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    Faraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)
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    Farooque, Umar (57215323961)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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    Feroze, Abdullah Hamid (47161109900)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Flood, David (57189346302)
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    Gad, Mohamed M. (57203749611)
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    Gaidhane, Shilpa (36844056200)
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    Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei (57194578564)
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    Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020)
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    Ghith, Nermin (55249750100)
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    Ghozali, Ghozali (57208279650)
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    Ghozy, Sherief (55337839100)
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    Gialluisi, Alessandro (54784401100)
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    Giampaoli, Simona (55168056600)
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    Gilani, Syed Amir (37008269900)
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    Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
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    Gnedovskaya, Elena V. (56806916500)
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    Golechha, Mahaveer (36006347600)
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    Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348)
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    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
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    Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
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    Gupta, Veer Bala (57194978364)
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    Gupta, Vivek Kumar (35073936800)
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    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Hanif, Asif (55360052800)
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    Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661)
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    Hassan, Treska S. (57407078400)
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    Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
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    Havmoeller, Rasmus J. (57212075728)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Hayat, Khezar (57219918947)
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    Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
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    Herteliu, Claudiu (26035943100)
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    Holla, Ramesh (55270371800)
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    Hostiuc, Sorin (24829099800)
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    Househ, Mowafa (8667908000)
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    Huang, Junjie (57199198962)
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    Humayun, Ayesha (25226911300)
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    Hwang, Bing-Fang (7201453928)
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    Iacoviello, Licia (57205867300)
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    Iavicoli, Ivo (6603685479)
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    Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408)
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    Ilic, Irena M. (57210823522)
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    Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100)
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    Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900)
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    Iso, Hiroyasu (35227393400)
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    Isola, Gaetano (25825125500)
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    Iwagami, Masao (54381883100)
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    Jacob, Louis (56779678900)
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    Jain, Vardhmaan (57208149266)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Johnson, Walter D. (57149404900)
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    Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953)
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    Joseph, Nitin (35292547200)
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    Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700)
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    Jürisson, Mikk (55547524800)
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    Kalani, Rizwan (13006237100)
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    Kalhor, Rohollah (55670548600)
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    Kamath, Ashwin (35724313100)
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    Kanchan, Tanuj (35237157900)
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    Kandel, Himal (57226834655)
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    Karch, André (55917217700)
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    Katoto, Patrick D.M.C. (57202776078)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274)
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    Khan, Moien A.B. (57209800900)
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    Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli (25825057100)
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    Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011)
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    Kim, Gyu Ri (57204396981)
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    Kim, Min Seo (57203591936)
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    Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375)
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    Kisa, Adnan (6603346067)
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    Kolte, Dhaval (26321613900)
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    Koolivand, Ali (55251666200)
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    Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane (57196152832)
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    Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912)
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    Krishan, Kewal (57202279708)
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    Krishnamoorthy, Vijay (36890481900)
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    Krishnamurthi, Rita V. (6602173083)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Kusuma, Dian (57190047530)
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    Vecchia, Carlo La (36063266200)
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    Lacey, Ben (7004338442)
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    Lallukka, Tea (6508300634)
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    Lasrado, Savita (36632480900)
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    Lavados, Pablo M. (57188955599)
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    Leonardi, Matilde (7101854166)
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    Li, Bingyu (57205248886)
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    Li, Shanshan (57216631901)
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    Lin, Hualiang (23397309300)
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    Lin, Ro-Ting (15123000400)
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    Liu, Xuefeng (37050047900)
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    Lo, Warren David (8964933400)
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    Lorkowski, Stefan (57203677656)
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    Lucchetti, Giancarlo (35790096500)
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    Saute, Ricardo Lutzky (56146513400)
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    Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy (57195948985)
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    Magnani, Francesca Giulia (55568584500)
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    Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra (57168727200)
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    Majeed, Azeem (7102027801)
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    Makki, Alaa (57224607101)
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    Malekzadeh, Reza (7005197760)
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    Malik, Ahmad Azam (57198682313)
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    Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600)
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    Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni (7006357517)
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    Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864)
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    Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah (55179399300)
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    Morze, Jakub (57193612224)
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    Kandel, Sandhya Neupane (57222966618)
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    Park, Eun-Cheol (57208356854)
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    Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh (57222966726)
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    Pathak, Mona (57194053763)
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    Peres, Mario F.P. (7006723305)
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    Perianayagam, Arokiasamy (15053062900)
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    Pham, Truong-Minh (14833158100)
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    Piradov, Michael A. (7003731802)
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    Podder, Vivek (57201487580)
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    Polinder, Suzanne (12766122200)
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    Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
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    Pourshams, Akram (6507521541)
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    Radfar, Amir (57194428768)
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    Rafiei, Alireza (13205769200)
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    Raggi, Alberto (8514468700)
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    Rahim, Fakher (23052247800)
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    Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446)
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    Rahman, Mosiur (55457953000)
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    Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600)
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    Rahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)
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    Rajai, Nazanin (57203222349)
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    Ranasinghe, Priyanga (6602322079)
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    Rao, Chythra R. (35771430100)
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    Rao, Sowmya J. (57195423591)
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    Rathi, Priya (57216633909)
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    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315)
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    Renjith, Vishnu (56468022200)
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    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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    Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300)
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    Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia (22936575000)
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    Roever, Leonardo (56641632800)
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    Romoli, Michele (56592186200)
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    Rynkiewicz, Andrzej (56261255000)
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    Sacco, Simona (55751819500)
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    Sadeghi, Masoumeh (35516248000)
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    Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi (57218160157)
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    Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900)
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    Saif-Ur-Rahman, K.M. (55990659300)
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    Salah, Rehab (57054139900)
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    Samaei, Mehrnoosh (57225273791)
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    Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)
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    Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911)
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    Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
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    Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316)
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    Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500)
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    Sattin, Davide (36088024000)
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    Schiavolin, Silvia (55321082600)
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    Schlaich, Markus P. (7003349164)
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    Schmidt, Maria Inês (7404398885)
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    Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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    Seylani, Allen (57222325334)
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    Sha, Feng (57190308655)
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    Shahabi, Saeed (57211581903)
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    Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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    Shannawaz, Mohammed (56349680200)
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    Shawon, Md. Shajedur Rahman (57195803485)
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    Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962)
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    Sheikhbahaei, Sara (57219637352)
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    Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900)
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    Siabani, Soraya (25227131300)
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    Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000)
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    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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    Singh, Jitendra Kumar (56770483800)
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    Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)
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    Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)
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    Sobaih, Badr Hasan (57202564080)
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    Stortecky, Stefan (36515745900)
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    Stranges, Saverio (7003835008)
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    Tadesse, Eyayou Girma (57221591705)
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    Tarigan, Ingan Ukur (54080771800)
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    Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (56115852000)
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    Teuschl, Yvonne (6602527721)
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    Thrift, Amanda G. (7004824524)
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    Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534)
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    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tripathi, Manjari (7007046120)
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    Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie (57216732977)
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    Ullah, Anayat (57215320706)
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    Unim, Brigid (37862108700)
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    Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100)
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    Vakilian, Alireza (15833586300)
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    Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan (57216154072)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Vervoort, Dominique (57202385503)
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    Vo, Bay (35147075900)
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    Volovici, Victor (56493195800)
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    Vosoughi, Kia (56199294900)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Vu, Linh Gia (57210070319)
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    Wafa, Hatem A. (57204099791)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wang, Yanzhong (59417336500)
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    Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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    Woodward, Mark (7102510958)
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    Wu, Jason H. (8511954600)
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    Hanson, Sarah Wulf (57212263269)
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    Xu, Xiaoyue (59560820600)
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    Yadav, Lalit (57211483937)
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    Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Yamagishi, Kazumasa (35231751500)
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    Yatsuya, Hiroshi (6603908304)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yunusa, Ismaeel (57202137670)
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    Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar (57221663045)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamanian, Maryam (57201292465)
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    Zand, Ramin (23669868100)
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    Zandifar, Alireza (55334814000)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhong, Chenwen (59289905900)
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    Zuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
    Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2017)
    Gakidou, Emmanuela (57202567277)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441)
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    Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Bernabé, Eduardo (57194696150)
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    Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R. (57193524147)
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    Brauer, Michael (57218330976)
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    Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto (57196074547)
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    Baumgarner, Blair R. (57208560663)
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    Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero (57207890731)
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    Carrero, Juan Jesus (16834646800)
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    Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Catalá-López, Ferrán (57202553733)
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    Cercy, Kelly (57208777587)
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    Chang, Hsing-Yi (7407523087)
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    Charlson, Fiona J. (57191632086)
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    Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Chitheer, Abdulaal A. (57209314488)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas (57209863533)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Cohen, Aaron J. (7404780942)
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    Comfort, Haley (57218875721)
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    Cooper, Cyrus (36041345700)
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    Coresh, Josef (7005367498)
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    Cornaby, Leslie (57191837051)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (7005209601)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Das Neves, José (57208073193)
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    Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
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    Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
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    Dellavalle, Robert P. (7003806771)
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    Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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    Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Do, Huyen Phuc (57200737094)
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    Dokova, Klara (57201523771)
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    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
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    Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
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    Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
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    Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
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    Duncan, Bruce Bartholow (35476478500)
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    Duncan, Sarah (57199417426)
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    Ebert, Natalie (20333943200)
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    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
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    El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad (54908919000)
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    Enayati, Ahmadali (6507139052)
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    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
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    Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich (7006796196)
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    Erskine, Holly E. (57202798676)
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    Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
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    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
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    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Estep, Kara (57216550964)
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    Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino (57195414019)
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    Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa (57190279273)
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    Faro, André (36770969600)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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    Fay, Kairsten (57217858217)
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    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
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    Fernandes, João C. (35274726800)
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    Ferrari, Alize J. (57195348907)
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    Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa (57222562476)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Flaxman, Abraham D. (6602883567)
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    Foigt, Nataliya (57216998893)
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    Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
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    Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo (57202568734)
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    Hareri, Habtamu Abera (57195292447)
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    Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh (35085056400)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Wulf Hanson, Sarah (57212263269)
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    Xavier, Denis (55403963100)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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    Yakob, Bereket (57203811497)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yimam, Hassen Hamid (57196325590)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    Zavala-Arciniega, Luis (57196083471)
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    Zhang, Xueying (56283378700)
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    Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M. (57196078433)
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    Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings: Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124.1 million DALYs [95% UI 111.2 million to 137.0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122.2 million DALYs [110.3 million to 133.3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83.0 million DALYs [78.3 million to 87.7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89.9 million DALYs [80.9 million to 98.2 million]), high body-mass index (64.8 million DALYs [44.4 million to 87.6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63.8 million DALYs [53.2 million to 76.3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9.3% (6.9-11.6) decline in deaths and a 10.8% (8.3-13.1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14.9% (12.7-17.5) of deaths and 6.2% (3.9-8.7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of deaths and 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27.3% (24.9-29.7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation: Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2017)
    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdulle, Abdishakur M. (6603592018)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne (57244744000)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Chitheer, Abdulaal A. (57209314488)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas (57209863533)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Colombara, Danny (37025591000)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (7005209601)
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    Zegeye, Elias Asfaw (57209171278)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zhang, Xueying (56283378700)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746)
    ;
    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2022)
    Ledesma, Jorge R. (57204449040)
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    Ma, Jianing (58040920000)
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    Vongpradith, Avina (57216661011)
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    Maddison, Emilie R. (57196084094)
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    Novotney, Amanda (57224408265)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Legrand, Kate E. (57216789066)
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    Ross, Jennifer M. (56895463600)
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    Jahagirdar, Deepa (57213764835)
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    Bryazka, Dana (57200015057)
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    Feldman, Rachel (57204568514)
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    Abolhassani, Hassan (58597704600)
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    Abosetugn, Akine Eshete (57041277200)
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    Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (24586714800)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah (57211604149)
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    Afzal, Saira (7004381116)
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    Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (57194684030)
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    Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad (57218961022)
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    Ahmadi, Sepideh (58189812000)
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    Rashid, Tarik Ahmed (57023479100)
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    Salih, Yusra Ahmed (57407078800)
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    Aklilu, Addis (56450972500)
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    Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet (57214884531)
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    Al Hamad, Hanadi (56955516200)
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    Alemayehu, Yosef (57226840978)
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    Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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    Ali, Liaqat (55646005400)
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    Alipour, Vahid (56436629300)
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    Alizade, Hesam (55759064300)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Anderson, Jason A. (57204563525)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Claassens, Mareli M. (36639190400)
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    Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz (55341296000)
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    Dhamnetiya, Deepak (56884613200)
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    Dianatinasab, Mostafa (57281638900)
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    Diaz, Daniel (56644152500)
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    Doan, Linh Phuong (57210071311)
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    Eftekharzadeh, Sahar (57192113055)
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    Elhadi, Muhammed (57212082248)
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    Emami, Amir (55221730800)
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    Enany, Shymaa (23972375400)
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    Faraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro (57201549628)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300)
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    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
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    Garcia-Calavaro, Christian (57221252883)
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    Garg, Tushar (57681919400)
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    Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle (57204583027)
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    Gupta, Vivek Kumar (35073936800)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Hargono, Arief (57208225627)
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    Hassan, Shoaib (57216236959)
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    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
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    Hayat, Khezar (57219918947)
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    Hezam, Kamal (57199187791)
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    Holla, Ramesh (55270371800)
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    Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)
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    Hostiuc, Mihaela (51763789200)
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    Househ, Mowafa (8667908000)
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    Hussain, Rabia (7103224786)
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    Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408)
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    Ilic, Irena M. (57210823522)
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    Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900)
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    Itumalla, Ramaiah (57212472658)
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    Jaafari, Jalil (55531397900)
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    Jacobsen, Kathryn H. (26029163100)
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    Jain, Vardhmaan (57208149266)
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    Javanmardi, Fatemeh (57210737191)
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    Jayapal, Sathish Kumar (57202019648)
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    Jayaram, Shubha (57221589240)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953)
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    Joseph, Nitin (35292547200)
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    Joukar, Farahnaz (26024213000)
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    Kabir, Zubair (57207901718)
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    Kamath, Ashwin (35724313100)
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    Kanchan, Tanuj (35237157900)
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    Kandel, Himal (57226834655)
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    Katoto, Patrick D.M.C. (57202776078)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Kendrick, Parkes J. (57217087655)
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    Kerbo, Amene Abebe (57195329387)
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    Khajuria, Himanshu (56639982500)
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    Khalilov, Rovshan (57193308858)
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    Khatab, Khaled (27267685100)
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    Khoja, Abdullah T. (57194229795)
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    Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011)
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    Kim, Min Seo (57203591936)
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    Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375)
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    Kisa, Adnan (6603346067)
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    Kisa, Sezer (14030019900)
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    Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192)
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    Koul, Parvaiz A. (14022262900)
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    Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane (57196152832)
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    Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912)
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    Krishan, Kewal (57202279708)
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    Bicer, Burcu Kucuk (57204528360)
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    Kumar, Avinash (57210155926)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Kumar, Narinder (8215803600)
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    Kumar, Nithin (36678889900)
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    Kwarteng, Alexander (54079844900)
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    Lak, Hassan Mehmood (57211620211)
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    Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984)
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    Landires, Iván (15063040000)
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    Lasrado, Savita (36632480900)
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    Lee, Shaun Wen Huey (35201185800)
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    Lee, Wei-Chen (57394248700)
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    Lin, Christine (57219861546)
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    Liu, Xuefeng (37050047900)
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    Lopukhov, Platon D. (57191340780)
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    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Machado, Daiane Borges (56644244100)
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    Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava (56951087800)
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    Madi, Deepak (54581344300)
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    Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra (57168727200)
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    Malik, Ahmad Azam (57198682313)
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    Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807)
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    Moghadaszadeh, Masoud (57200791890)
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    Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah (55602206500)
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    Moore, Catrin E. (57195934063)
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    Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074)
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    Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha (57222706843)
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    Kandel, Sandhya Neupane (57222966618)
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    Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200)
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    Nixon, Molly R. (57204562047)
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    Nnaji, Chukwudi A. (57204873792)
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    Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000)
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    Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade (55356642300)
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    Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)
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    Oren, Eyal (36815569400)
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    Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh (57222966726)
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    Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zumla, Alimuddin (7006170723)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J. L. (57224556036)
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    Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073)
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08–1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45–9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000–279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1·15 million (1·01–1·32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000–425 000) more deaths and 1·01 million (0·82–1·23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820–11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300–100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1·5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4·27 (3·69–5·02), 6·17 (5·48–7·02), and 1·17 (1·07–1·28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2·23 (2·03–2·44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1·06 (1·05–1·08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years
    (2017)
    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. (57202562738)
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    Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315)
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    Sur, Patrick (57218360398)
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    Estep, Kara (57216550964)
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    Lee, Alex (57223134228)
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    Marczak, Laurie (57200295553)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (35617421300)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Abate, Kalkidan H. (57207943858)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Ahmed, Muktar B. (57207802317)
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    Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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    Alkerwi, Ala'a (57197724313)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa (57219673720)
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    Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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    Amberbir, Alemayehu (57202564972)
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    Amegah, Adeladza K. (55542401600)
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    Amini, Erfan (57218348788)
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    Amrock, Stephen M. (57211220414)
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    Anjana, Ranjit M. (23992147600)
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    Ärnlöv, Johan (6602512227)
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    Asayesh, Hamid (55334322800)
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    Banerjee, Amitava (57208560645)
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    Barac, Aleksandra (55550748700)
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    Baye, Estifanos (57185636200)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Beyene, Addisu S. (57209036705)
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    Biadgilign, Sibhatu (57195448180)
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    Biryukov, Stan (57195296731)
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    Bjertness, Espen (7004026306)
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    Boneya, Dube J. (57194067231)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael (57203424784)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Cecilio, Pedro (56450999300)
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    Cercy, Kelly (57208777587)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cornaby, Leslie (57191837051)
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    Damtew, Solomon A. (58991324800)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
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    Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
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    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Fernandes, João C. (35274726800)
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    Fürst, Thomas (57208431345)
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    Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T. (57216482917)
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    Gold, Audra (57194129483)
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    Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762)
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    Goto, Atsushi (36339255500)
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    Habtewold, Tesfa D. (57079013900)
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    Hadush, Kokeb T. (57194769485)
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    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Horino, Masako (57195769276)
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    Islami, Farhad (56926442900)
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    Kamal, Ritul (57203177242)
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    Kasaeian, Amir (57195540738)
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    Katikireddi, Srinivasa V. (6508254091)
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    Kengne, Andre P. (7801322838)
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    Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan N. (57218000521)
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    Khader, Yousef S. (55654192600)
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    Khang, Young-Ho (57198904674)
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    Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011)
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    Kim, Daniel (57223019104)
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    Kim, Yun J. (57211086375)
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    Kinfu, Yohannes (12770281900)
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    Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192)
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    Ku, Tiffany (57202568605)
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    Defo, Barthelemy Kuate (6602271655)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Larson, Heidi J. (57223681247)
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    Leinsalu, Mall (6603447541)
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    Liang, Xiaofeng (26662590300)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Liu, Patrick (56170368200)
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    Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668)
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    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Majeed, Azeem (7102027801)
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    Malekzadeh, Reza (7005197760)
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    Malta, Deborah C. (15835283500)
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    Mazidi, Mohsen (57203231746)
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    McAlinden, Colm (35325278500)
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    McGarvey, Stephen T. (56235234600)
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    Mengistu, Desalegn T. (57194776802)
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    Mensah, George A. (57196028147)
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    Mensink, Gert B.M. (7003776519)
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    Mezgebe, Haftay B. (57222113213)
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    Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888)
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    Mueller, Ulrich O. (8512347500)
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    Noubiap, Jean J. (55490374000)
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    Obermeyer, Carla M. (57209300189)
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    Patton, George C. (7102184358)
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    Rafay, Anwar (57212263323)
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    Rai, Rajesh K. (51864423900)
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    Safiri, Saeid (56009654100)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Sanabria, Juan R. (7006262917)
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    Sartorius, Benn (12788526800)
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    Sawhney, Monika (57217153893)
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    Schmidhuber, Josef (15840642300)
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    Schutte, Aletta E. (57216814352)
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    Schmidt, Maria I. (7404398885)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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    Shamsizadeh, Moretza (57195940127)
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    Sheikhbahaei, Sara (57219637352)
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    Shin, Min-Jeong (7401536640)
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    Shiri, Rahman (57200737050)
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    Shiue, Ivy (35811219800)
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    Silva, Diego A.S. (36985158000)
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    Silverberg, Jonathan I. (6603664613)
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    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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    Stranges, Saverio (7003835008)
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    Swaminathan, Soumya (57211728266)
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    Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102)
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    Tedla, Bemnet A. (57211142920)
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    Tegegne, Balewgizie S. (57216997287)
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    Terkawi, Abdullah S. (57211144258)
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    Thakur, J.S. (57204002123)
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    Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534)
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    Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892)
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    Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475)
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    Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Vaezghasemi, Masoud (57195195568)
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    Vasankari, Tommi (57200592416)
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    Vlassov, Vasiliy V. (57211633239)
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    Vollset, Stein E. (57196315778)
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    Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Wesana, Joshua (56688521300)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yonga, Gerald (57203907041)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun M. (57200737185)
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    Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
    BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.) Copyright © 2017 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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    Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2018)
    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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    Yearwood, Jamal (57202282849)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abebo, Teshome Abuka (57195738441)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (14032724700)
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    Adane, Akilew Awoke (56993205300)
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    Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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    Afarideh, Mohsen (56227034300)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Berhe, Derbew Fikadu (57204007429)
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    Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (24342648300)
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    Bolliger, Ian W. (57202568683)
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    Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R. (57193524147)
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    Bozorgmehr, Kayvan (34767823500)
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    Brady, Oliver Jerome (57218716651)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero (57207890731)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo (57203424784)
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    Car, Josip (6701783618)
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    Carrero, Juan Jesus (16834646800)
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    Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
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    Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Choi, Jee-Young J. (57209706428)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas (57209863533)
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    Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Cooper, Cyrus (36041345700)
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    Cornaby, Leslie (57191837051)
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    Costa Pereira, Alexandre (59662929600)
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    Cousin, Ewerton (57194620705)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (7005209601)
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    Cromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)
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    Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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    Crump, John A. (57202595111)
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    Daba, Alemneh Kabeta (57203300408)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Zhu, Jun (56215097100)
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    Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
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    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
    Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Publication
    Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdel-Rahman, Omar (55777635800)
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    Abdi, Alireza (56845014200)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje (57192680787)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
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    Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600)
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    Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)
    Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
    (2022)
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    Walde, Mandaras Tariku (57851610900)
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    Wang, Cong (15924372200)
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    Wang, Yanzhong (59417336500)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)
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    Wubetu, Abate Dargie (57210445567)
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    Xu, Suowen (35303824800)
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    Yamagishi, Kazumasa (35231751500)
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    Yang, Lin (57189045362)
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    Yesera, Gesila Endashaw E. (57220989340)
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    Yigit, Arzu (57820497600)
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    Yiğit, Vahit (57222328239)
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    Yimaw, Ayenew Engida (57851194400)
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    Yon, Dong Keon (57193675906)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zadey, Siddhesh (57188589258)
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    Zahir, Mazyar (57226481652)
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    Zare, Iman (57224488480)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhong, Chenwen (59289905900)
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    Zmaili, Mohammad (57188702157)
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    Zuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049)
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    Gakidou, Emmanuela (57202567277)
    Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose–response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15–95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15–39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0–0) and 0·603 (0·400–1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0–0) and 1·75 (0·698–4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0–0·403) to 1·87 (0·500–3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0–0·900) and 6·94 (3·40–8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3–65·4) were aged 15–39 years and 76·9% (73·0–81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2021)
    Kendrick, Parkes J. (57217087655)
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    Saya, Ganesh Kumar (55391007900)
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    Kumar, Nachimuthu Senthil (57987796700)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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    Shafaat, Omid (55567483500)
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    Shah, Syed Mahboob (55552523400)
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    Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)
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    Stortecky, Stefan (36515745900)
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    Straif, Kurt (6701403417)
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    Tamiru, Animut Tagele (57218877788)
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    Tareke, Minale (57191823514)
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    Tareque, Md Ismail (58298394400)
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    Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435)
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    Thapar, Rekha (36337431900)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Jianrong (56966801100)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhong, Chenwen (59289905900)
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    Zuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049)
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    Gakidou, Emmanuela (57202567277)
    Background: Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods: We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings: In 2019, 273·9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258·5 to 290·9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4·72% (4·46 to 5·01). 228·2 million (213·6 to 244·7; 83·29% [82·15 to 84·42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15–19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age-standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: –1·21% [–1·26 to –1·16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0·46% [0·13 to 0·79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (−0·94% [–1·72 to –0·14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation: Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2022)
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    Mons, Ute (11940097400)
    ;
    Al Montasir, Ahmed (57222707819)
    ;
    Montazeri, Fateme (57924899400)
    ;
    Montero, Arnulfo (53881604600)
    ;
    Moosavi, Mohammad Amin (8677868300)
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    Moradi, Abdolvahab (56218944000)
    ;
    Moradi, Yousef (55338348700)
    ;
    Moradi Sarabi, Mostafa (55128114800)
    ;
    Moraga, Paula (46761426800)
    ;
    Morawska, Lidia (7004773965)
    ;
    Morrison, Shane Douglas (45661573100)
    ;
    Morze, Jakub (57193612224)
    ;
    Mosapour, Abbas (16425956900)
    ;
    Mostafavi, Ebrahim (57440829200)
    ;
    Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam (56165159700)
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    Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh (56049677000)
    ;
    Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin (57203634349)
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    Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine (56148346600)
    ;
    Mubarik, Sumaira (57202290474)
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    Mulita, Francesk (57200275021)
    ;
    Munblit, Daniel (55233686800)
    ;
    Munro, Sandra B. (58209869500)
    ;
    Murillo-Zamora, Efrén (55496438100)
    ;
    Musa, Jonah (15022919200)
    ;
    Nabhan, Ashraf F. (55880870200)
    ;
    Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074)
    ;
    Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad (55540895500)
    ;
    Nagel, Gabriele (7103201623)
    ;
    Naghipour, Mohammadreza (17344103300)
    ;
    Naimzada, Mukhammad David (57209744761)
    ;
    Nair, Tapas Sadasivan (59496484400)
    ;
    Naqvi, Atta Abbas (56501393600)
    ;
    Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas (57226829643)
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    Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod (26530691100)
    ;
    Nassereldine, Hasan (57226192220)
    ;
    Natto, Zuhair S. (37000768500)
    ;
    Nayak, Biswa Prakash (56639942500)
    ;
    Ndejjo, Rawlance (56586121600)
    ;
    Nduaguba, Sabina Onyinye (57192167101)
    ;
    Negash, Wogene Wogene (57475647400)
    ;
    Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria (57218948511)
    ;
    Nejati, Kazem (37061632300)
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    Neupane Kandel, Sandhya (57195980450)
    ;
    Nguyen, Huy Van Nguyen (57209589543)
    ;
    Niazi, Robina Khan (57204666021)
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    Noor, Nurulamin M. (57201949165)
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    Noori, Maryam (59025722700)
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    Noroozi, Nafise (57219412726)
    ;
    Nouraei, Hasti (55360408900)
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    Nowroozi, Ali (57208703471)
    ;
    Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000)
    ;
    Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe (57217058740)
    ;
    Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet (57819279400)
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    Oancea, Bogdan (26658614800)
    ;
    Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade (55356642300)
    ;
    Oghenetega, Onome Bright (57216588908)
    ;
    Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer (57196124624)
    ;
    Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru (57194328445)
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    Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669)
    ;
    Okati-Aliabad, Hassan (57211186862)
    ;
    Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul (56668691000)
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    Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)
    ;
    Olagunju, Tinuke O. (57203076824)
    ;
    Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun (55251697700)
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    Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa (57216286071)
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    Omer, Emad (57227106800)
    ;
    Omonisi, Abidemi E. Emmanuel (36103029000)
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    Ong, Sokking (36614524300)
    ;
    Onwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855)
    ;
    Orru, Hans (14621909500)
    ;
    Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394)
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    Oulhaj, Abderrahim (12806312500)
    ;
    Oumer, Bilcha (57212033783)
    ;
    Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi (57219110616)
    ;
    Oyinloye, Babatunji Emmanuel (54395911800)
    ;
    Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244)
    ;
    Padron-Monedero, Alicia (56532107100)
    ;
    Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300)
    ;
    Pakbin, Babak (57118237300)
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    Pakshir, Keyvan (15838075900)
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    Pakzad, Reza (56380390000)
    ;
    Palicz, Tamás (57218865382)
    ;
    Pana, Adrian (57191837583)
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    Pandey, Anamika (55633420800)
    ;
    Pandey, Ashok (57210886573)
    ;
    Pant, Suman (57219171446)
    ;
    Pardhan, Shahina (7003706887)
    ;
    Park, Eun-Cheol (57208356854)
    ;
    Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178)
    ;
    Park, Seoyeon (57384211300)
    ;
    Patel, Jay (59222700400)
    ;
    Pati, Siddhartha (57405230600)
    ;
    Paudel, Rajan (55646896300)
    ;
    Paudel, Uttam (56600660600)
    ;
    Paun, Mihaela (24725283900)
    ;
    Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza (24822763100)
    ;
    Peng, Minjin (57195204168)
    ;
    Pereira, Jeevan (57218878130)
    ;
    Pereira, Renato B. (55802371953)
    ;
    Perna, Simone (57202419601)
    ;
    Perumalsamy, Navaraj (57823176800)
    ;
    Pestell, Richard G. (7007144223)
    ;
    Pezzani, Raffaele (6602481624)
    ;
    Piccinelli, Cristiano (16234184900)
    ;
    Pillay, Julian David (57197803061)
    ;
    Piracha, Zahra Zahid (57189084862)
    ;
    Pischon, Tobias (6603736500)
    ;
    Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
    ;
    Pourabhari Langroudi, Ashkan (59454647100)
    ;
    Pourshams, Akram (6507521541)
    ;
    Pourtaheri, Naeimeh (57204143814)
    ;
    Prashant, Akila (16040597000)
    ;
    Qadir, Mirza Muhammad Fahd (56893300500)
    ;
    Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin (36337182700)
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    Rabiee, Mohammad (24587922100)
    ;
    Rabiee, Navid (57201008317)
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    Radfar, Amir (57215049222)
    ;
    Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal (7103113006)
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    Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman (34873452800)
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    Raeisi, Mojtaba (6504713102)
    ;
    Rafiee, Ata (56912119000)
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    Rafiei, Alireza (13205769200)
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    Raheem, Nasiru (57208053644)
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    Rahim, Fakher (23052247800)
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    Rahman, Md. Obaidur (57222599251)
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    Rahman, Mosiur (55457953000)
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    Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600)
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    Rahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)
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    Rahmani, Shayan (57226290079)
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    Rahmanian, Vahid (55367908800)
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    Rajai, Nazanin (57203222349)
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    Rajesh, Aashish (57193435213)
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    Ram, Pradhum (55961669800)
    ;
    Ramezanzadeh, Kiana (57200621924)
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    Rana, Juwel (57191591600)
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    Ranabhat, Kamal (56622984700)
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    Ranasinghe, Priyanga (6602322079)
    ;
    Rao, Chythra R. (35771430100)
    ;
    Rao, Sowmya J. (57195423591)
    ;
    Rashedi, Sina (57222342404)
    ;
    Rashidi, Amirfarzan (57719761500)
    ;
    Rashidi, Mahsa (57440729700)
    ;
    Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi (57324471900)
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    Ratan, Zubair Ahmed (56769961300)
    ;
    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Rawal, Lal (37262106500)
    ;
    Rawassizadeh, Reza (36634807900)
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    Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh (57203060460)
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    Rehman, Ashfaq Ur (57218240182)
    ;
    Rehman, Inayat Ur (57201810654)
    ;
    Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315)
    ;
    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
    ;
    Rezaei, Maryam (57211678662)
    ;
    Rezaei, Nazila (36700192900)
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    Rezaei, Negar (57218820767)
    ;
    Rezaei, Nima (57216077273)
    ;
    Rezaei, Saeid (57720486000)
    ;
    Rezaeian, Mohsen (15053682700)
    ;
    Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300)
    ;
    Riad, Abanoub (57218221621)
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    Rikhtegar, Reza (55349287000)
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    Rios-Blancas, Maria (57208577330)
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    Roberts, Thomas J. (57190111163)
    ;
    Rohloff, Peter (55533870500)
    ;
    Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza (57189989890)
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    Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800)
    ;
    Rwegerera, Godfrey M. (56033523400)
    ;
    Manjula, S. (57405727400)
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    Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed (36100701200)
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    Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Bahar (57202441557)
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    Sabour, Siamak (16307842100)
    ;
    Saddik, Basema (23020079300)
    ;
    Sadeghi, Erfan (56785668000)
    ;
    Saeb, Mohammad Reza (24833454900)
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    Saeed, Umar (36612315100)
    ;
    Safaei, Mohsen (36612136800)
    ;
    Safary, Azam (56070686400)
    ;
    Sahebazzamani, Maryam (57350889700)
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    Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900)
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    Sahoo, Harihar (44462008100)
    ;
    Sajid, Mirza Rizwan (35249305600)
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    Salari, Hedayat (55508243600)
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    Salehi, Sana (57209618440)
    ;
    Salem, Marwa Rashad (57194137372)
    ;
    Salimzadeh, Hamideh (23052386900)
    ;
    Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo (57363130700)
    ;
    Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)
    ;
    Sanabria, Juan (57226829732)
    ;
    Sankararaman, Senthilkumar (57210591338)
    ;
    Sanmarchi, Francesco (57221791070)
    ;
    Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
    ;
    Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem (57213570386)
    ;
    Sarveazad, Arash (54882387000)
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    Sarvi, Fatemeh (57156400200)
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    Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500)
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    Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691)
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    Sayegh, Nicolas (57221718821)
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    Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola (57201292772)
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    Schwarzinger, Michaël (6603951747)
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    Šekerija, Mario (30268005400)
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    Senthilkumaran, Subramanian (36191387000)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
    ;
    Seylani, Allen (57222325334)
    ;
    Seyoum, Kenbon (57221085996)
    ;
    Sha, Feng (57190308655)
    ;
    Shafaat, Omid (55567483500)
    ;
    Shah, Pritik A. (57202065760)
    ;
    Shahabi, Saeed (57211581903)
    ;
    Shahid, Izza (57207033505)
    ;
    Shahrbaf, Mohammad Amin (57203360325)
    ;
    Shahsavari, Hamid R. (6505834447)
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    Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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    Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso (57205107107)
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    Shaker, Elaheh (57216727831)
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    Shannawaz, Mohammed (56349680200)
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    Sharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew (57224505062)
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    Sharifi, Azam (57189848279)
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    Sharifi-Rad, Javad (56022647300)
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    Sharma, Purva (57861896700)
    ;
    Shashamo, Bereket Beyene (57223025060)
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    Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962)
    ;
    Sheikh, Mahdi (56081367100)
    ;
    Sheikhbahaei, Sara (57219637352)
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    Sheikhi, Rahim Ali (39962437200)
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    Sheikhy, Ali (57223137774)
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    Shepherd, Peter Robin (7101657448)
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    Shetty, Adithi (57315189400)
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    Shetty, Jeevan K. (15844347300)
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    Shetty, Ranjitha S. (57219384456)
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    Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900)
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    Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400)
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    Shirzad-Aski, Hesamaddin (36021125600)
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    Shivakumar, K.M. (57221603938)
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    Shivalli, Siddharudha (55604704500)
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    Shivarov, Velizar (15623607900)
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    Shobeiri, Parnian (57218601156)
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    Shokri Varniab, Zahra (59454592800)
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    Shorofi, Seyed Afshin (35086976700)
    ;
    Shrestha, Sunil (56453947500)
    ;
    Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen (57222351357)
    ;
    Siddappa Malleshappa, Sudeep K. (57208838253)
    ;
    Sidemo, Negussie Boti (57204638690)
    ;
    Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000)
    ;
    Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues (11838952800)
    ;
    Silva Julian, Guilherme (57194717539)
    ;
    Silvestris, Nicola (7004428325)
    ;
    Simegn, Wudneh (57216389675)
    ;
    Singh, Achintya Dinesh (57192070816)
    ;
    Singh, Ambrish (57214875932)
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    Singh, Garima (57224794687)
    ;
    Singh, Harpreet (57215069784)
    ;
    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
    ;
    Singh, Jitendra Kumar (56770483800)
    ;
    Singh, Paramdeep (57202809996)
    ;
    Singh, Surjit (55740397100)
    ;
    Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609)
    ;
    Sinke, Abiy H. (57195329519)
    ;
    Siraj, Md. Shahjahan (57216886120)
    ;
    Sitas, Freddy (7003393668)
    ;
    Siwal, Samarjeet Singh (56225532200)
    ;
    Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)
    ;
    Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)
    ;
    Socea, Bogdan (32267661900)
    ;
    Soeberg, Matthew J. (24734336300)
    ;
    Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad (57216854132)
    ;
    Solomon, Yonatan (57220875005)
    ;
    Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh (57189099987)
    ;
    Song, Suhang (57194455017)
    ;
    Song, Yimeng (57194728629)
    ;
    Sorensen, Reed J.D. (57196918748)
    ;
    Soshnikov, Sergey (57195195606)
    ;
    Sotoudeh, Houman (14054801700)
    ;
    Sowe, Alieu (57208392783)
    ;
    Sufiyan, Mu’awiyyah Babale (58294633600)
    ;
    Suk, Ryan (57197819192)
    ;
    Suleman, Muhammad (57196800921)
    ;
    Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan (57226832737)
    ;
    Sultana, Saima (57404748200)
    ;
    Sur, Daniel (57194064798)
    ;
    Szócska, Miklós (13410278600)
    ;
    Tabaeian, Seidamir Pasha (57217530354)
    ;
    Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102)
    ;
    Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad (55935372700)
    ;
    Tabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400)
    ;
    Tadbiri, Hooman (57138410000)
    ;
    Taheri, Ensiyeh (54997206100)
    ;
    Taheri, Majid (57196608691)
    ;
    Taheri Soodejani, Moslem (57200541349)
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    Takahashi, Ken (55741242600)
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    Talaat, Iman M. (7801465176)
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    Tampa, Mircea (55324899600)
    ;
    Tan, Ker-Kan (16745396700)
    ;
    Tat, Nathan Y. (57820156400)
    ;
    Tat, Vivian Y. (57221326673)
    ;
    Tavakoli, Ahmad (57189869940)
    ;
    Tavakoli, Arash (57819456000)
    ;
    Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020)
    ;
    Tekalegn, Yohannes (57201033519)
    ;
    Tesfay, Fisaha Haile (57203977293)
    ;
    Thapar, Rekha (36337431900)
    ;
    Thavamani, Aravind (57202135529)
    ;
    Thoguluva Chandrasekar, Viveksandeep (57207827433)
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    Thomas, Nihal (7401830494)
    ;
    Thomas, Nikhil Kenny (57218603966)
    ;
    Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera (57580368800)
    ;
    Tiyuri, Amir (57201850751)
    ;
    Tollosa, Daniel Nigusse (57197807985)
    ;
    Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892)
    ;
    Touvier, Mathilde (8877033300)
    ;
    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
    ;
    Traini, Eugenio (57211137081)
    ;
    Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc (57225047867)
    ;
    Tripathy, Jaya Prasad (55290251600)
    ;
    Ukke, Gebresilasea Gendisha (57208651311)
    ;
    Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
    ;
    Ullah, Saif (57219395828)
    ;
    Ullah, Sana (56402784100)
    ;
    Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100)
    ;
    Vacante, Marco (23037085900)
    ;
    Vaezi, Maryam (55644006900)
    ;
    Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel (57356986200)
    Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

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