Browsing by Author "Pigott, David M. (55320335600)"
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Publication Department of Error: Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2020) 395(10239) (1779–1801), (S0140673620301148), (10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30114-8))(2020) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Wiens, Kirsten E. (55515807800) ;Deshpande, Aniruddha (57208579336) ;Baumann, Mathew M. (57211550981) ;Lindstedt, Paulina A. (57211558396) ;Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381) ;Troeger, Christopher E. (57195223624) ;Earl, Lucas (57190371340) ;Munro, Sandra B. (7004622934) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Getaneh (57202422848) ;Abegaz, Kedir Hussein (57200726326) ;Abreu, Lucas Guimarães (55937631400) ;Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400) ;Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500) ;Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600) ;Adabi, Maryam (57190491886) ;Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853) ;Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800) ;Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900) ;Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300) ;Adham, Davoud (55346682700) ;Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000) ;Afarideh, Mohsen (56227034300) ;Ahmadi, Keivan (59396073300) ;Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000) ;Ahmed, Anwar E. (58205901100) ;Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317) ;Ahmed, Rushdia (57195530549) ;Ajumobi, Olufemi (14033771400) ;Akal, Chalachew Genet (57205385708) ;Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie (57203189637) ;Akanda, Ali S. (35290419100) ;Alamene, Genet Melak (57211135938) ;Alanzi, Turki M. (55978240000) ;Albright, James R. (57210320079) ;Alcalde Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth (35749450200) ;Alemnew, Birhan Tamene (57211138846) ;Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw (57202557784) ;Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir (57208356112) ;Ali, Muhammad (57221004192) ;Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700) ;Alipour, Vahid (56436629300) ;Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159) ;Almasi, Ali (19433600700) ;Almasi-Hashiani, Amir (42360952700) ;Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. (8625547100) ;Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923) ;Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239) ;Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. (57193279948) ;Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009) ;Amini, Saeed (57210811281) ;Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche (57211322011) ;Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200) ;Anegago, Masresha Tessema (57216865286) ;Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282) ;Ansari, Fereshteh (56478531800) ;Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500) ;Antriyandarti, Ernoiz (57201775415) ;Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw (57204569403) ;Arabloo, Jalal (57208760927) ;Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833) ;Armoon, Bahram (57191472455) ;Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052) ;Arzani, Afsaneh (57094774900) ;Asadi-Lari, Mohsen (6603191961) ;Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil (57211139593) ;Atalay, Hagos Tasew (57203535974) ;Atique, Suleman (56505419100) ;Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900) ;Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907) ;Avila-Burgos, Leticia (8530790100) ;Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700) ;Awoke, Nefsu (57207257383) ;Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700) ;Ayano, Getinet (57189617474) ;Ayanore, Martin Amogre (57070358300) ;Ayele, Asnakew Achaw (57194280930) ;Aynalem, Yared Asmare (57214332450) ;Azari, Samad (56396696500) ;Babaee, Ebrahim (57217157164) ;Badawi, Alaa (57216776029) ;Bakkannavar, Shankar M. (34970692400) ;Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar (56640778400) ;Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615) ;Banach, Maciej (22936699500) ;Barac, Aleksandra (55550748700) ;Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900) ;Basaleem, Huda (6505771974) ;Bassat, Quique (23024176000) ;Bayati, Mohsen (56906776500) ;Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200) ;Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696) ;Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000) ;Bekele, Yibeltal Alemu (57214868211) ;Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450) ;Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400) ;Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema (57195346523) ;Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763) ;Bhat, Anusha Ganapati (57208836680) ;Bhattacharyya, Krittika (57204647266) ;Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200) ;Bhaumik, Soumyadeep (55643126300) ;Bijani, Ali (23134684900) ;Bikbov, Boris (57219957158) ;Biswas, Raaj Kishore (57194226969) ;Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw (57209212251) ;Bohlouli, Somayeh (56523246300) ;Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651) ;Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi (57212030091) ;Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich (57202792237) ;Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich (7004344976) ;Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath (46961272800) ;Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739) ;Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784) ;Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919) ;Cárdenas, Rosario (57216482927) ;Carvalho, Felix (7103070417) ;Castro, Franz (57204567353) ;Chansa, Collins (24400981500) ;Chatterjee, Pranab (57202798650) ;Chattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500) ;Chauhan, Bal Govind (57195315447) ;Chin, Ken Lee (57216745370) ;Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533) ;Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300) ;Claro, Rafael M. (16834671700) ;Cormier, Natalie M. (57216638260) ;Costa, Vera M. (17134373000) ;Damiani, Giovanni (57218701806) ;Daoud, Farah (57201079837) ;Dandona, Lalit (7007017243) ;Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697) ;Darwish, Amira Hamed (57194473558) ;Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200) ;Das, Jai K. (55644705500) ;Das Gupta, Rajat (57215122060) ;Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402) ;Davila, Claudio Alberto (45561136400) ;Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193) ;Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163) ;De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400) ;Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen (57204717669) ;Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh (57207453281) ;Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514) ;Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700) ;Deribe, Kebede (57193912587) ;Desalew, Assefa (57203766919) ;Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866) ;Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda (57216324802) ;Dhillon, Preeti (55520200200) ;Dhimal, Meghnath (54941157300) ;Dhungana, Govinda Prasad (24066372700) ;Diaz, Daniel (56644152500) ;Ding, Eric L. (54413849800) ;Diro, Helen Derara (57204564180) ;Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000) ;Do, Huyen Phuc (57200737094) ;Doku, David Teye (36015210300) ;Dolecek, Christiane (35784177100) ;Dubey, Manisha (57219898654) ;Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600) ;Duko Adema, Bereket (56845644100) ;Dunachie, Susanna J. 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(57195414019) ;Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600) ;Faridnia, Roghiyeh (55945212000) ;Farioli, Andrea (57207608705) ;Faro, Andre (36770969600) ;Farzam, Hossein (57202061001) ;Fazaeli, Ali Akbar (57204568731) ;Fazlzadeh, Mehdi (55199878200) ;Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400) ;Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520) ;Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500) ;Filip, Irina (55570061400) ;Fischer, Florian (55508208800) ;Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300) ;Francis, Joel Msafiri (35198028700) ;Franklin, Richard Charles (7201428429) ;Frostad, Joseph Jon (57222306717) ;Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300) ;Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye (57225049499) ;Gebremariam, Kidane Tadesse (57191226393) ;Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork (57200529247) ;Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn (57748459200) ;Gedefaw, Getnet Azeze (57204453564) ;Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310) ;Geta, Birhanu (57208190927) ;Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611) ;Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020) ;Ghassemi, Fariba (35271776100) ;Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660) ;Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390) ;Goli, Srinivas (39761832500) ;Gomes, Nelson G.M. (55326199700) ;Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891) ;Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia (55958854600) ;Grada, Ayman (55797741000) ;Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008) ;Guido, Davide (56314778600) ;Guimarães, Rafael Alves (56534712800) ;Guo, Yuming (55712472800) ;Gupta, Rahul (57204120071) ;Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300) ;Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261) ;Haile, Michael Tamene (57204564050) ;Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263) ;Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364) ;Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352) ;Hall, Brian James (57218302519) ;Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes (57201501075) ;Haririan, Hamidreza (36157009700) ;Hariyani, Ninuk (57190349243) ;Hasaballah, Ahmed I. (56002305300) ;Hasan, Md. Mehedi (57213529757) ;Hasanzadeh, Amir (57193162243) ;Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700) ;Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707) ;Hayelom, Desta Haftu (57216638000) ;Heidari, Behnam (6603217356) ;Henry, Nathaniel J. (57196076616) ;Herteliu, Claudiu (26035943100) ;Heydarpour, Fatemeh (57192381690) ;de Hidru, Hagos D. (57216634249) ;Hoang, Chi Linh (57205123375) ;Hoogar, Praveen (57204240256) ;Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Mojtaba (57003517600) ;Hossain, Naznin (57195380270) ;Hosseini, Mostafa (57204569481) ;Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569) ;Househ, Mowafa (8667908000) ;Hu, Guoqing (57218106596) ;Humayun, Ayesha (25226911300) ;Hussain, Syed Ather (56910575300) ;Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408) ;Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800) ;Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394) ;Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja (55988289600) ;Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543) ;Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100) ;Iwu, Chinwe Juliana (56904084900) ;Jaca, Anelisa (57191066193) ;Jafari Balalami, Nader (57211139609) ;Jahanmehr, Nader (57203122718) ;Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (14318929700) ;Jalali, Amir (23469738000) ;Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra (57204797176) ;Jenabi, Ensiyeh (15755615100) ;Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400) ;Jha, Vivekanand (7005119423) ;Ji, John S. (58562329500) ;Jia, Peng (55092981100) ;Johnson, Kimberly B. (57207359220) ;Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953) ;Jóźwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700) ;Kabir, Ali (23050698400) ;Kabir, Zubair (57207901718) ;Kahsay, Amaha (57216608121) ;Kalani, Hamed (54984350500) ;Kanchan, Tanuj (35237157900) ;Karami Matin, Behzad (56943457000) ;Karch, Andre (55917217700) ;Karki, Surendra (55329873800) ;Kasaeian, Amir (57195540738) ;Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie (57209913312) ;Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400) ;Kazemi Karyani, Ali (56664511600) ;Keiyoro, Peter Njenga (57203177260) ;Ketema, Daniel Bekele (57207259667) ;Khader, Yousef Saleh (55654192600) ;Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif (55608324700) ;Khalid, Nauman (57204561542) ;Khalil, Ali Talha (55978863400) ;Khalil, Ibrahim (58255049500) ;Khalilov, Rovshan (57193308858) ;Khan, Md Nuruzzaman (57209404949) ;Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274) ;Khan, Gulfaraz (6701635515) ;Khan, Junaid (57203436148) ;Khatab, Khaled (27267685100) ;Khater, Amir (57211138055) ;Khater, Mona M. (57203308114) ;Khatony, Alireza (32667760800) ;Khayamzadeh, Maryam (57212086295) ;Khazaei, Mohammad (57204562878) ;Khazaei, Salman (55420466900) ;Khodamoradi, Ehsan (23094184200) ;Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein (56524167000) ;Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011) ;Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A. (57199100665) ;Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375) ;Kimokoti, Ruth W. (8647554600) ;Kisa, Adnan (6603346067) ;Kisa, Sezer (14030019900) ;Kissoon, Niranjan (7006364038) ;Kondlahalli, Shivakumar K.M. (57221603938) ;Kosek, Margaret N. (6701330606) ;Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912) ;Kraemer, Moritz U.G. (56308225600) ;Krishan, Kewal (57202279708) ;Kugbey, Nuworza (57195398167) ;Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500) ;Kumar, Manasi (21739940700) ;Kumar, Pushpendra (57208849920) ;Kusuma, Dian (57190047530) ;La Vecchia, Carlo (36063266200) ;Lacey, Ben (7004338442) ;Lal, Aparna (55163011100) ;Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984) ;Lami, Faris Hasan (57200737005) ;Lansingh, Van C. (57209471470) ;Lasrado, Savita (36632480900) ;Lee, Paul H. (57200302692) ;Leili, Mostafa (57204565987) ;Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso (57212018109) ;Levine, Aubrey J. (57189577844) ;Lewycka, Sonia (57212496031) ;Li, Shanshan (57216631901) ;Linn, Shai (7102590173) ;Lodha, Rakesh (7007019609) ;Longbottom, Joshua (56785671300) ;Lopukhov, Platon D. (57191340780) ;Magdeldin, Sameh (22634774300) ;Mahasha, Phetole Walter (28767805500) ;Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur (55924241300) ;Malta, Deborah Carvalho (15835283500) ;Mamun, Abdullah A. (55666602500) ;Manafi, Farzad (55351495800) ;Manafi, Navid (57190424904) ;Manda, Ana-Laura (57204567674) ;Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600) ;Mapoma, Chabila Christopher (57208956832) ;Marami, Dadi (57200546490) ;Marczak, Laurie B. (57200295553) ;Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio (57204796807) ;März, Winfried (57220877383) ;Masaka, Anthony (57204084551) ;Mathur, Manu Raj (55270329300) ;Maulik, Pallab K. (7005919685) ;Mayala, Benjamin K. (23980407900) ;McAlinden, Colm (35325278500) ;Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864) ;Mehrotra, Ravi (7203045563) ;Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418) ;Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael (57211140536) ;Melese, Addisu (56901393600) ;Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350) ;Mena, Alemayehu Toma (57212025187) ;Menezes, Ritesh G. (55517099900) ;Mengesha, Melkamu Merid (57192953602) ;Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese (57194776802) ;Mengistu, Getnet (57193539632) ;Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57219008708) ;Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900) ;Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu M. (57214781514) ;Miller-Petrie, Molly K. (56387657900) ;Mills, Edward J. (57205301363) ;Mir, Seyed Mostafa (56715133100) ;Mirabi, Parvaneh (51864302500) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888) ;Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad (57192238333) ;Mohammad, Dara K. (43161421200) ;Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin (57205300378) ;Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710) ;Mohammad Darwesh, Aso (57209007333) ;Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser (57552959000) ;Mohammadifard, Noushin (23110866700) ;Mohammed, Ammas Siraj (57211140223) ;Mohammed, Jemal Abdu (57211142589) ;Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000) ;Mohebi, Farnam (55633844600) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Monasta, Lorenzo (7801520497) ;Moodley, Yoshan (57210652387) ;Moradi, Ghobad (48161434000) ;Moradi, Masoud (56506570100) ;Moradi-Joo, Mohammad (56367798400) ;Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (35617421300) ;Moraga, Paula (46761426800) ;Mosapour, Abbas (16425956900) ;Mouodi, Simin (55372646500) ;Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam (56165159700) ;Mozaffor, Miliva (57202792134) ;Muluneh, Atalay Goshu (57208013708) ;Muriithi, Moses K. (55824830500) ;Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700) ;Murthy, G.V.S. (7101778322) ;Musa, Kamarul Imran (57194536466) ;Mustafa, Ghulam (57190395960) ;Muthupandian, Saravanan (54585668500) ;Naderi, Mehdi (57202026927) ;Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Najafi, Farid (21743304900) ;Nangia, Vinay (57201490837) ;Nazari, Javad (57207759174) ;Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith (36612016600) ;Negoi, Ionut (57200640014) ;Ngunjiri, Josephine W. (57195296110) ;Nguyen, Cuong Tat (56531347200) ;Nguyen, QuynhAnh P. (57211556351) ;Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200) ;Nigatu, Dabere (56275854800) ;Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini (57195329470) ;Nnaji, Chukwudi A. (57204873792) ;Nojomi, Marzieh (22941666400) ;Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000) ;Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669) ;Okpala, Oluchi (26323868100) ;Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700) ;Omar Bali, Ahmed (57201273344) ;Onwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855) ;Ortega-Altamirano, Doris D.V. (6505938824) ;Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo (57211311925) ;Osei, Frank B. (24829542600) ;Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo (57222581892) ;Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244) ;Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300) ;Pana, Adrian (57191837583) ;Pashaei, Tahereh (54950121600) ;Pati, Sanghamitra (55441302100) ;Patle, Ajay (57203309187) ;Patton, George C. (7102184358) ;Paulos, Kebreab (57212022022) ;Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino (59750226200) ;Pereira, Alexandre (7402230187) ;Perico, Norberto (56481931200) ;Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Piroozi, Bakhtiar (57188976684) ;Platts-Mills, James A. (8540918800) ;Poljak, Mario (55142297400) ;Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502) ;Pourjafar, Hadi (54881252100) ;Pourmalek, Farshad (8309390500) ;Pourshams, Akram (6507521541) ;Poustchi, Hossein (8622806500) ;Prada, Sergio I. 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(57204849530) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn (49664327400) ;Yisma, Engida (55556060700) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A. (56183368000) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Yusefzadeh, Hasan (55887807200) ;Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300) ;Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos (57193255530) ;Zandian, Hamed (57205175627) ;Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860) ;Zepro, Nejimu Biza (57193095335) ;Zewale, Taye Abuhay (57209219258) ;Zhang, Dongyu (57216327764) ;Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200) ;Zhao, Xiu-Ju (8360350900) ;Ziapour, Arash (57202571078) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)Reiner RC Jr, Hay SI. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395: 1779–801—In this Article, the author byline has been amended to Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators. This correction has been made to the online version as of June 4, 2020, and the printed version is correct. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))(2018) ;Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100) ;Abebe, Molla (57211131124) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abera, Semaw F. 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(8549393000) ;Yousef, Zabihollah (9743306100) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Yu, Yong (55628587954) ;Moghadam, Telma Zahirian (57201718494) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058) ;Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300) ;Zandian, Hamed (57205175627) ;Zarei, Fatemeh (15766784900) ;Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400) ;Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200) ;Ziapour, Arash (57202571078) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697) ;Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda (57216324802) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)Vos, Theo (57223885848)Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Publication Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(2017) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Kaja M. 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(57204092789) ;Updike, Rachel (57204698680) ;Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100) ;Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi (57211633289) ;Van Boven, Job F.M. (53464198500) ;Vasankari, Tommi (57200592416) ;Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100) ;Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890) ;Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich (57211633239) ;Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Wakayo, Tolassa (57205609717) ;Wallin, Mitchell T. (57201573668) ;Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100) ;Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947) ;Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405) ;Weiss, Daniel J. (8609275600) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whetter, Brian (57201998502) ;Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000) ;Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700) ;Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509) ;Woldeyes, Belete Getahun (57195329524) ;Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705) ;Woodbrook, Rachel (57200298006) ;Workicho, Abdulhalik (56720337100) ;Xavier, Denis (55403963100) ;Xiao, Qingyang (59797114300) ;Xu, Gelin (57203583113) ;Yaghoubi, Mohsen (57212400558) ;Yakob, Bereket (57203811497) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Yimam, Hassen Hamid (57196325590) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922) ;Zegeye, Elias Asfaw (57209171278) ;Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185) ;Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900) ;Zhang, Anthony Lin (56391112900) ;Zhang, Xueying (56283378700) ;Zipkin, Ben (57200737130) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668)Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods: We estimated cause-specifc deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specifc causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specifc deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings: The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16 - age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL signifcantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the fve leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a fner level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. Interpretation: The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and confict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might refect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which efective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Dicker, Daniel (57196026676) ;Nguyen, Grant (57191591002) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. 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(55722781800) ;Prakash, Swayam (57212263375) ;Prasad, Narayan (23028765700) ;Qorbani, Mostafa (24831040300) ;Quistberg, D Alex (6507023057) ;Radfar, Amir (57194428768) ;Rafay, Anwar (57212263323) ;Rafiei, Alireza (13205769200) ;Rahim, Fakher (23052247800) ;Rahimi, Kazem (58482212900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin (8696686900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446) ;Rahman, Mahfuzar (35571661300) ;Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz (57202017378) ;Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600) ;Ur Rahman, Sajjad (15835524800) ;Rai, Rajesh Kumar (51864423900) ;Rajati, Fatemeh (54780507400) ;Rajsic, Sasa (57196448260) ;Raju, Sree Bhushan (8983666100) ;Ram, Usha (26653819000) ;Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500) ;Ranjan, Prabhat (57200595370) ;Ranta, Anna (26768039500) ;Rasella, Davide (36184697300) ;Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052) ;Rawaf, Salman (6602475959) ;Ray, Sarah E. (57196078769) ;Razo-GarcÃa, Christian (57209275722) ;Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago (35099389600) ;Rehm, Jürgen (7102718648) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Reinig, Nickolas (57208577401) ;Reis, Cesar (56611469700) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renzaho, Andre M N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Rezaei, Satar (55791003000) ;Rezaeian, Shahab (55214334100) ;Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300) ;Riahi, Seyed Mohammad (57193205976) ;Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P. (57204577960) ;Riojas, Horacio (55602731800) ;Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus (57208577330) ;Roba, Kedir Teji (57203667432) ;Robinson, Stephen R. (7402673969) ;Roever, Leonardo (56641632800) ;Ronfani, Luca (6602565620) ;Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800) ;Roshchin, Denis O. (57194175724) ;Rostami, Ali (59144808300) ;Rothenbacher, Dietrich (7004765162) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Ruhago, George Mugambage (50761517500) ;Saadat, Soheil (16310355800) ;Sabde, Yogesh Damodar (54793337800) ;Sachdev, Perminder S. 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(36248136000) ;Serván-Mori, Edson (57209275629) ;Shabaninejad, Hosein (56047947500) ;Shackelford, Katya Anne (57202959163) ;Shafieesabet, Azadeh (56964338900) ;Shaheen, Amira A. (57202560956) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Shakir, Raad A. (55374140100) ;Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran (57193608415) ;Shamsi, Mohammadbagher (57204557980) ;Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127) ;Sharafi, Heidar (57322506400) ;Sharafi, Kiomars (57194516056) ;Sharif, Mehdi (16022734200) ;Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi (35108018000) ;Sharma, Meenakshi (58730797800) ;Sharma, Jayendra (57195329457) ;Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600) ;She, Jun (57209122131) ;Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962) ;Sheth, Kevin N. (57212863894) ;Shi, Peilin (57203064901) ;Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900) ;Shifa, Girma Temam (57211793093) ;Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay (57205232012) ;Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000) ;Shiri, Rahman (57200737050) ;Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400) ;Shiue, Ivy (35811219800) ;Shokraneh, Farhad (36146063000) ;Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404) ;Shukla, Sharvari Rahul (55760856000)Si, Si (56706979500)Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100) ;Abebe, Molla (57211131124) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abera, Semaw F. 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(7006079405) ;Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300) ;Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398) ;West, T. Eoin (57756844000) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021(2025) ;Sirota, Sarah Brooke (57222625302) ;Doxey, Matthew C. (57210408930) ;Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva (57861613300) ;Bender, Rose Grace (57219860604) ;Vongpradith, Avina (57216661011) ;Albertson, Samuel B. 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(7102981394) ;Imam, Mohammad Tarique (57217101840) ;Isa, Mustafa Alhaji (57202778508) ;Islam, Md Rabiul (57215057958) ;Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (57218355467) ;Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900) ;Iwagami, Masao (54381883100) ;Vinothini, J. (59243924200) ;Jafarzadeh, Abdollah (32667811600) ;Jaggi, Khushleen (55324250800) ;Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman (57208735762) ;Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (14318929700) ;Jamshidi, Elham (57217795317) ;Jayaram, Shubha (57221589240) ;Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh (58799108700) ;Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400) ;Jose, Jobinse (57427561300) ;Joseph, Nitin (35292547200) ;Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma (58491197900) ;Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700) ;Vaishali, K. (57222526820) ;Kabir, Zubair (57207901718) ;Kandel, Himal (57226834655) ;Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem (57193860523) ;Kant, Surya (59567335600) ;Kantar, Rami S. (56719718400) ;Karaye, Ibraheem M. (55598638900) ;Behnagh, Arman Karimi (57216816240) ;Kaur, Navjot (58344388100) ;Khajuria, Himanshu (56639982500) ;Khalaji, Amirmohammad (57801096100) ;Khamesipour, Faham (55236513800) ;Khan, Gulfaraz (6701635515) ;Nuruzzaman Khan, M. (57788179700) ;Khan, Maseer (57215721758) ;Khan, Mohammad Jobair (57298003900) ;Kim, Min Seo (57203591936) ;Kimokoti, Ruth W. (8647554600) ;Kochhar, Sonali (57214107714) ;Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich (57203303920) ;Kosen, Soewarta (57226828739) ;Krishan, Kewal (57202279708) ;Krishna, Hare (57214019429) ;Krishnamoorthy, Vijay (36890481900) ;Defo, Barthelemy Kuate (6602271655) ;Kuddus, Md Abdul (59471271200) ;Kuddus, Mohammed (8596487800) ;Kuitunen, Ilari (57189581253) ;Kulimbet, Mukhtar (57288600700) ;Kumar, Dewesh (56849792100) ;Kurmi, Om P. (57219034567) ;Simhachalam Kutikuppala, L.V. 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(14825548600) ;Nainu, Firzan (57120069200) ;Najafi, Mohammad Sadeq (58254670000) ;Najdaghi, Soroush (57218267592) ;Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid (55485512800) ;Nargus, Shumaila (58491929300) ;Davani, Delaram Narimani (57934653600) ;Naser, Mohammad (59340980300) ;Natto, Zuhair S. (37000768500) ;Nayak, Biswa Prakash (56639942500) ;Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria (57218948511) ;Nguyen, Dang H. (57220970272) ;Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien (58492170200) ;Nguyen, Van Thanh (58491437100) ;Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos (57196237879) ;Noman, Efaq Ali (59340560200) ;Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi (57218593582) ;Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000) ;Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka (57208055852) ;Odetokun, Ismail A. (58518431400) ;Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul (56668691000) ;Okonji, Osaretin Christabel (57222864302) ;Okwute, Patrick Godwin (58492412800) ;Olanipekun, Titilope O. (56674812400) ;Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa (57216286071) ;Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682) ;Omer, Goran Latif (57933555400) ;Onyedibe, Kenneth Ikenna (55443978500) ;Ordak, Michal (55992015900) ;Orish, Verner N. (55253440500) ;Ortiz-Prado, Esteban (56037076100) ;Otstavnov, Nikita (57202947262) ;Ouyahia, Amel (36499964800) ;Mahesh Padukudru, P.A. (57195664371) ;Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300) ;Pandey, Ashok (57210886573) ;Pantazopoulos, Ioannis (35574470700) ;Pardhan, Shahina (7003706887) ;Parija, Pragyan Paramita (57209003444) ;Parikh, Romil R. 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Z. (58418436300) ;Zare, Iman (57224488480) ;Zarimeidani, Fatemeh (59126687900) ;Zastrozhin, Michael (56728932200) ;Zhai, Chunxia (57896169500) ;Zhang, Haijun (57217088114) ;Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400) ;Zhao, Yang (58957226600) ;Zhou, Juexiao (57215684427) ;Zia, Hafsa (59628039200) ;Zielinska, Magdalena (58491440100) ;Zoladl, Mohammad (53980736300) ;Zyoud, Samer H. (57220556938) ;Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. (35386103000) ;Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (57202562224) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (59116090300) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;Murray, Christopher J. L. (57224556036)Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073)Background: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are the leading cause of acute disease incidence worldwide and contribute to a substantial health-care burden. Although acute otitis media is a common complication of URIs, the combined global burden of URIs and otitis media has not been studied comprehensively. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to explore the fatal and non-fatal burden of the two diseases across all age groups, including a granular analysis of children younger than 5 years, in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Mortality due to URIs and otitis media was estimated with use of vital registration and sample-based vital registration data, which are used as inputs to the Cause of Death Ensemble model to separately model URIs and otitis media mortality by age and sex. Morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian meta-regression tool using data from published studies identified via systematic reviews, population-based survey data, and cause-specific URI and otitis media mortality estimates. Additionally, we assessed and compared the burden of otitis media as it relates to URIs and examined the collective burden and contributing risk factors of both diseases. Findings: The global number of new episodes of URIs was 12·8 billion (95% uncertainty interval 11·4 to 14·5) for all ages across males and females in 2021. The global all-age incidence rate of URIs decreased by 10·1% (–12·0 to –8·1) from 1990 to 2019. From 2019 to 2021, the global all-age incidence rate fell by 0·5% (–0·8 to –0·1). Globally, the incidence rate of URIs was 162 484·8 per 100 000 population (144 834·0 to 183 289·4) in 2021, a decrease of 10·5% (–12·4 to –8·4) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 181 552·5 per 100 000 population (160 827·4 to 206 214·7). The highest incidence rates of URIs were seen in children younger than 2 years in 2021, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 5–9 years. The number of new episodes of otitis media globally for all ages was 391 million (292 to 525) in 2021. The global incidence rate of otitis media was 4958·9 per 100 000 (3705·4 to 6658·6) in 2021, a decrease of 16·3% (–18·1 to –14·0) from 1990, when the incidence rate was 5925·5 per 100 000 (4371·8 to 8097·9). The incidence rate of otitis media in 2021 was highest in children younger than 2 years, and the largest number of episodes was in children aged 2–4 years. The mortality rate of URIs in 2021 was 0·2 per 100 000 (0·1 to 0·5), a decrease of 64·2% (–84·6 to –43·4) from 1990, when the mortality rate was 0·7 per 100 000 (0·2 to 1·1). In both 1990 and 2021, the mortality rate of otitis media was less than 0·1 per 100 000. Together, the combined burden accounted for by URIs and otitis media in 2021 was 6·86 million (4·24 to 10·4) years lived with disability and 8·16 million (4·99 to 12·0) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all ages across males and females. Globally, the all-age DALY rate of URIs and otitis media combined in 2021 was 103 per 100 000 (63 to 152). Infants aged 1–5 months had the highest combined DALY rate in 2021 (647 per 100 000 [189 to 1412]), followed by early neonates (aged 0–6 days; 582 per 100 000 [176 to 1297]) and late neonates (aged 7–24 days; 482 per 100 000 [161 to 1052]). Interpretation: The findings of this study highlight the widespread burden posed by URIs and otitis media across all age groups and both sexes. There is a continued need for surveillance, prevention, and management to better understand and reduce the burden associated with URIs and otitis media, and research is needed to assess their impacts on individuals, communities, economies, and health-care systems worldwide. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(2017) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdulle, Abdishakur M. (6603592018) ;Abebo, Teshome Abuka (57195738441) ;Abera, Semaw Ferede (57205180598) ;Aboyans, Victor (56214736500) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (14032724700) ;Ackerman, Ilana N. (8925517400) ;Adedeji, Isaac A. 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(57207920084)Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Molla (57211131124) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002) ;Aboyans, Victor (56214736500) ;Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700) ;Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E. 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(55481130700)Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(2017) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdulle, Abdishakur M. (6603592018) ;Abebo, Teshome Abuka (57195738441) ;Abera, Semaw Ferede (57205180598) ;Aboyans, Victor (56214736500) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (14032724700) ;Ackerman, Ilana N. 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(57193559189) ;Ghajar, Alireza (56226089600) ;Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104) ;Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660) ;Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331) ;Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed (57192378390) ;Giref, Ababi Zergay (57219994468) ;Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo (57202568734) ;Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076) ;Godwin, William W. (57191841675) ;Gold, Audra L. (57194129483) ;Goldberg, Ellen M. (57191842703) ;Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762) ;Goodridge, Amador (55801980200) ;Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891) ;Goto, Atsushi (36339255500) ;Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho (57201181348) ;Griswold, Max (57191836595) ;Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008) ;Gupta, Rahul (57204120071) ;Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300) ;Gupta, Tanush (57219956402) ;Gupta, Vipin (57199940653) ;Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261) ;Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne (57225733572) ;Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263) ;Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi (57202769526) ;Hamidi, Samer (24366336000) ;Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398) ;Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661) ;Hao, Yuantao (57202554333) ;Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122) ;Hareri, Habtamu Abera (57195292447) ;Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903) ;Harvey, James (57196074369) ;Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh (35085056400) ;Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728) ;Hawley, Caitlin (57196078801) ;Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;Henry, Nathaniel J. (57196076616) ;Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz (36941085200) ;Heydarpour, Pouria (57189359029) ;Hoek, Hans W. (57202570421) ;Hoffman, Howard J. (7201677665) ;Horita, Nobuyuki (57217110823) ;Hosgood, H. Dean (56353204400) ;Hostiuc, Sorin (24829099800) ;Hotez, Peter J. (7004958298) ;Hoy, Damian G. (57216593652) ;Htet, Aung Soe (57202555179) ;Hu, Guoqing (57218106596) ;Huang, Hsiang (57202278530) ;Huynh, Chantal (57202556112) ;Iburg, Kim Moesgaard (57216814160) ;Igumbor, Ehimario Uche (26537691100) ;Ikeda, Chad (57202720108) ;Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter (57203666733) ;Jacobsen, Kathryn H. (26029163100) ;Jahanmehr, Nader (57203122718) ;Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B. (14318929700) ;Jassal, Simerjot K. (57190118903) ;Javanbakht, Mehdi (57204619886) ;Jayaraman, Sudha P. (57204716526) ;Jeemon, Panniyammakal (57216324831) ;Jensen, Paul N. (57224209864) ;Jha, Vivekanand (7005119423) ;Jiang, Guohong (56984997300) ;John, Denny (57194230095) ;Johnson, Catherine O. (57212301236) ;Johnson, Sarah Charlotte (57207904886) ;Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953) ;Jürisson, Mikk (55547524800) ;Kabir, Zubair (57207901718) ;Kadel, Rajendra (57196080325) ;Kahsay, Amaha (57216608121) ;Kamal, Ritul (57203177242) ;Kan, Haidong (7101602991) ;Karam, Nadim E. (57221993192) ;Karch, André (57223444197) ;Karema, Corine Kakizi (57202557522) ;Kasaeian, Amir (57195540738) ;Kassa, Getachew Mullu (56229895500) ;Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa (57196473578) ;Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (57202562224) ;Kastor, Anshul (56652275600) ;Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal (6508254091) ;Kaul, Anil (16156995700) ;Kawakami, Norito (35377339000) ;Keiyoro, Peter Njenga (57203177260) ;Kengne, Andre Pascal (7801322838) ;Keren, Andre (7005620132) ;Khader, Yousef Saleh (55654192600) ;Khalil, Ibrahim A. (58255049500) ;Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274) ;Khang, Young-Ho (57198904674) ;Khosravi, Ardeshir (57201190837) ;Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011) ;Kieling, Christian (57218820714) ;Kim, Daniel (57223019104) ;Kim, Pauline (57191593761) ;Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375) ;Kimokoti, Ruth W. (8647554600) ;Kinfu, Yohannes (12770281900) ;Kisa, Adnan (6603346067) ;Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A. (6508376962) ;Kivimaki, Mika (7004391239) ;Knudsen, Ann Kristin (57192966362) ;Kokubo, Yoshihiro (56155004000) ;Kolte, Dhaval (26321613900) ;Kopec, Jacek A. (7006284395) ;Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192) ;Koul, Parvaiz A. (14022262900) ;Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912) ;Kravchenko, Michael (57202569007) ;Krishnaswami, Sanjay (7101616028) ;Krohn, Kristopher J. (57194138806) ;Kuate Defo, Barthelemy (6602271655) ;Kucuk Bicer, Burcu (57204528360) ;Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500) ;Kumar, Pushpendra (57208849920) ;Kumar, Sanjiv (57202477407) ;Kyu, Hmwe H. (57217040073) ;Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984) ;Lalloo, Ratilal (57189334553) ;Lambert, Nkurunziza (57196083761) ;Lan, Qing (23970641100) ;Larsson, Anders (56381985300) ;Lavados, Pablo M. (57188955599) ;Leasher, Janet L. (57197789738) ;Lee, Jong-Tae (57196083400) ;Lee, Paul H. (57200302692) ;Leigh, James (7202089604) ;Leshargie, Cheru Tesema (57195295462) ;Leung, Janni (57214397752) ;Leung, Ricky (56276497100) ;Levi, Miriam (54893035000) ;Li, Yichong (57218426673) ;Li, Yongmei (56147667800) ;Li Kappe, Darya (57215878218) ;Liang, Xiaofeng (26662590300) ;Liben, Misgan Legesse (57188568119) ;Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433) ;Linn, Shai (7102590173) ;Liu, Angela (57196080772) ;Liu, Patrick Y. (56170368200) ;Liu, Shiwei (57209574351) ;Liu, Yang (57202561981) ;Lodha, Rakesh (7007019609) ;Logroscino, Giancarlo (7004888005) ;London, Stephanie J. (56988756100) ;Looker, Katharine J. (57202553673) ;Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668) ;Lorkowski, Stefan (57203677656) ;Lotufo, Paulo A. (7003331101) ;Low, Nicola (7006432437) ;Lozano, Rafael (7102198442) ;Lucas, Timothy C.D. (57216683591) ;Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King (56330601800) ;Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan (57195948985) ;Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed (57201191366) ;Mahdavi, Mahdi (57190276959) ;Majdan, Marek (36147855100) ;Majdzadeh, Reza (9246620000) ;Majeed, Azeem (7102027801) ;Malekzadeh, Reza (7005197760) ;Malhotra, Rajesh (7202423297) ;Malta, Deborah Carvalho (15835283500) ;Mamun, Abdullah A. (55666602500) ;Manguerra, Helena (57208121153) ;Manhertz, Treh (57195486490) ;Mantilla, Ana (57215877671) ;Mantovani, Lorenzo G. (7006357517) ;Mapoma, Chabila C. (57208956832) ;Marczak, Laurie B. (57200295553) ;Martinez-Raga, Jose (57202861191) ;Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807) ;Martopullo, Ira (57193550189) ;März, Winfried (57220877383) ;Mathur, Manu Raj (55270329300) ;Mazidi, Mohsen (57200232563) ;McAlinden, Colm (35325278500) ;McGaughey, Madeline (57206867033) ;McGrath, John J. (57202560550) ;McKee, Martin (7202304775) ;McNellan, Claire (56771422500) ;Mehata, Suresh (57211773159) ;Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864) ;Mekonnen, Tefera Chane (57193872649) ;Memiah, Peter (57217207827) ;Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350) ;Mendoza, Walter (57216905642) ;Mengistie, Mubarek Abera (56045752700) ;Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese (57194776802) ;Mensah, George A. (57196028147) ;Meretoja, Atte (12775885500) ;Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57202554188) ;Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane (57222113213) ;Micha, Renata (25632461800) ;Millear, Anoushka (57204879537) ;Miller, Ted R. (7403948600) ;Mills, Edward J. (57205301363) ;Mirarefin, Mojde (57222113397) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888) ;Misganaw, Awoke (57202808713) ;Mishra, Shiva Raj (57208010960) ;Mitchell, Philip B. (35354747000) ;Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin (57205300378) ;Mohammadi, Alireza (56720095000) ;Mohammed, Kedir Endris (57216551957) ;Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000) ;Mohanty, Sanjay K. (59796713300) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Mollenkopf, Sarah K. (57203646247) ;Monasta, Lorenzo (7801520497) ;Hernandez, Julio Montañez (57199371040) ;Montico, Marcella (57202563609) ;Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (35617421300) ;Moraga, Paula (46761426800) ;Mori, Rintaro (57072757600) ;Morozoff, Chloe (57190373716) ;Morrison, Shane D. (45661573100) ;Moses, Mark (57117385200) ;Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff (57196081878) ;Mruts, Kalayu Birhane (57221822877) ;Mueller, Ulrich O. (8512347500) ;Muller, Kate (57196075658) ;Murdoch, Michele E. (57202097865) ;Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana (7101778322) ;Musa, Kamarul Imran (57194536466) ;Nachega, Jean B. (6701544088) ;Nagel, Gabriele (7103201623) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Naheed, Aliya (57202560989) ;Naidoo, Kovin S. (35564549000) ;Naldi, Luigi (7004954781) ;Nangia, Vinay (57201490837) ;Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan (55804491100) ;Negasa, Dumessa Edessa (57196084386) ;Negoi, Ionut (57200640014) ;Negoi, Ruxandra Irina (55566106200) ;Newton, Charles R. (35465836500) ;Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku (57195296110) ;Nguyen, Cuong Tat (56531347200) ;Nguyen, Grant (57191591002) ;Nguyen, Minh (58203329200) ;Nguyen, Quyen Le (57223642100) ;Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200) ;Nichols, Emma (57205756163) ;Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini (57195329470) ;Nolte, Sandra (24073274400) ;Nong, Vuong Minh (55507077200) ;Norrving, Bo (12792377500) ;Noubiap, Jean Jacques N. (55490374000) ;O'Donnell, Martin J. (57210591242) ;Ogbo, Felix Akpojene (57200737136) ;Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669) ;Okoro, Anselm (54682112200) ;Oladimeji, Olanrewaju (57216495380) ;Olagunju, Andrew Toyin (26029995700) ;Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi (57203076824) ;Olsen, Helen E. (57203080494) ;Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682) ;Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860) ;Ong, Kanyin (57224697159) ;Opio, John Nelson (57200124403) ;Oren, Eyal (36815569400) ;Ortiz, Alberto (7201911399) ;Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron (57195835977) ;Osman, Majdi (59804857900) ;Owolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892) ;Pa, Mahesh (57212735186) ;Pacella, Rosana E. (57194839077) ;Pana, Adrian (57191837583) ;Panda, Basant Kumar (57196077672) ;Papachristou, Christina (7005498635) ;Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178) ;Parry, Charles D. (7102561312) ;Parsaeian, Mahboubeh (57196467994) ;Patten, Scott B. (57201492915) ;Patton, George C. (7102184358) ;Paulson, Katherine (57203437789) ;Pearce, Neil (56491440700) ;Pereira, David M. (57200690024) ;Perico, Norberto (56481931200) ;Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721) ;Peterson, Carrie Beth (57202568667) ;Petzold, Max (7003628893) ;Phillips, Michael Robert (57202563610) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Pillay, Julian David (57197803061) ;Pinho, Christine (57212482983) ;Plass, Dietrich (57217142114) ;Pletcher, Martin A. (57196075669) ;Popova, Svetlana (56848085800) ;Poulton, Richie G. (7006256743) ;Pourmalek, Farshad (8309390500) ;Prabhakaran, Dorairaj (7004283783) ;Prasad, Narayan (23028765700) ;Prasad, Noela M. (8899838800) ;Purcell, Carrie (56203575500) ;Qorbani, Mostafa (24831040300) ;Quansah, Reginald (14825606700) ;Rabiee, Rynaz H.S. (57205452058) ;Radfar, Amir (57194428768) ;Rafay, Anwar (57212263323) ;Rahimi, Kazem (58482212900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin (8696686900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446) ;Rahman, Mahfuzar (35571661300) ;Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497) ;Rai, Rajesh Kumar (51864423900) ;Rajsic, Sasa (57196448260) ;Ram, Usha (26653819000) ;Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500) ;Rankin, Zane (57200251742) ;Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya (7404661983) ;Rao, Puja C. (57191835613) ;Rawaf, Salman (6602475959) ;Ray, Sarah E. (57196078769) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Reinig, Nikolas (57208577401) ;Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Rezaei, Satar (55791003000) ;Ribeiro, Antonio L. (7201676223) ;Ronfani, Luca (6602565620) ;Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800) ;Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400) ;Roy, Ambuj (7402704658) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Ruhago, George Mugambage (50761517500) ;Saadat, Soheil (16310355800) ;Sadat, Nafis (57219687343) ;Safdarian, Mahdi (57203849024) ;Safi, Sare (57219477293) ;Safiri, Saeid (56009654100) ;Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100) ;Sahathevan, Ramesh (35332739200) ;Salama, Joseph (57202975625) ;Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600) ;Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan R. (7006262917) ;Santomauro, Damian (56912450700) ;Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911) ;Santos, João Vasco (57226214352) ;Santric Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346) ;Sartorius, Benn (12788526800) ;Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691) ;Sawhney, Monika (57217153893) ;Saxena, Sonia (57203151746) ;Schmidt, Maria Inês (7404398885) ;Schneider, Ione J.C. (57201292772) ;Schöttker, Ben (37665918200) ;Schwebel, David C. (6603681532) ;Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600) ;Seedat, Soraya (7003445887) ;Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000) ;Servan-Mori, Edson E. (57202594826) ;Setegn, Tesfaye (37075667700) ;Shackelford, Katya Anne (57202959163) ;Shaheen, Amira (57202560956) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Shamsipour, Mansour (57197846052) ;Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed (56400111100) ;Sharma, Jayendra (57195329457) ;Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600) ;She, Jun (57209122131) ;Shi, Peilin (57203064901) ;Shields, Chloe (57196083232) ;Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000) ;Shinohara, Yukito (57203303862) ;Shiri, Rahman (57200737050) ;Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400) ;Shirude, Shreya (57216599051) ;Shishani, Kawkab (14025005500) ;Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404) ;Sibai, Abla Mehio (7005466998) ;Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora (57195363778) ;Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000) ;Silva, João Pedro (7403023631) ;Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves (57190284103) ;Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736) ;Singh, Narinder Pal (57211864736) ;Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609) ;Skiadaresi, Eirini (37100428500) ;Skirbekk, Vegard (57202564482) ;Slepak, Erica Leigh (57205356367) ;Sligar, Amber (57190284582) ;Smith, David L. (55574206203) ;Smith, Mari (57195484737) ;Sobaih, Badr H.A. (57202564080) ;Sobngwi, Eugene (6701427993) ;Sorensen, Reed J.D. (57196918748) ;Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Moraes (57195329460) ;Sposato, Luciano A. (25640261000) ;Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335) ;Srinivasan, Vinay (57196077031) ;Stanaway, Jeffrey D. (57201210928) ;Stathopoulou, Vasiliki (57195644148) ;Steel, Nicholas (6603791873) ;Stein, Dan J. (55769747595) ;Stein, Murray B. (7402996817) ;Steiner, Caitlyn (57205358084) ;Steiner, Timothy J. (16837503200) ;Steinke, Sabine (57203777687) ;Stokes, Mark Andrew (7102859000) ;Stovner, Lars Jacob (57201788390) ;Strub, Bryan (57211781720) ;Subart, Michelle (57194140438) ;Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale (58294633600) ;Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan (57195295816) ;Sunguya, Bruno F. (57209060557) ;Sur, Patrick J. (57218360398) ;Swaminathan, Soumya (7102380757) ;Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396) ;Sylte, Dillon O. (57211183601) ;Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102) ;Taffere, Getachew Redae (59807215200) ;Takala, Jukka S. (35425471300) ;Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756) ;Tavakkoli, Mohammad (57202524239) ;Taveira, Nuno (6602731390) ;Taylor, Hugh R. (55550572900) ;Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020) ;Tekelab, Tesfalidet (56721378300) ;Temam Shifa, Girma (57217000284) ;Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman (57211144258) ;Tesfaye, Dawit Jember (59264414500) ;Tesssema, Belay (57195294962) ;Thamsuwan, Ornwipa (55484605700) ;Thomas, Katie E. (56239717800) ;Thrift, Amanda G. (7004824524) ;Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer (57194055872) ;Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan (57209276611) ;Tollanes, Mette C. (16833860000) ;Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534) ;Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892) ;Tortajada, Miguel (16242320900) ;Touvier, Mathilde (8877033300) ;Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515) ;Tripathi, Suryakant (57225821627) ;Troeger, Christopher (57195223624) ;Truelsen, Thomas (57202824565) ;Tsoi, Derrick (57196074984) ;Tuem, Kald Beshir (57216106503) ;Tuzcu, Emin Murat (7005951350) ;Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475) ;Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584) ;Undurraga, Eduardo A. (57204092789) ;Uneke, Chigozie Jesse (57202824589) ;Updike, Rachel (57204698680) ;Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100) ;Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi (57211633289) ;Van Boven, Job F.M. (53464198500) ;Varughese, Santosh (22942817500) ;Vasankari, Tommi (23096834700) ;Venkatesh, S. (57201538443) ;Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100) ;Vidavalur, Ramesh (57201445172) ;Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890) ;Vladimirov, Sergey K. (57195959162) ;Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich (57211633239) ;Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778) ;Wadilo, Fiseha (57194049305) ;Wakayo, Tolassa (57205609717) ;Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100) ;Weaver, Marcia (7201548872) ;Weichenthal, Scott (57202555239) ;Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947) ;Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000) ;Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700) ;Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509) ;Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705) ;Woodbrook, Rachel (57200298006) ;Woolf, Anthony D. (7102882171) ;Workicho, Abdulhalik (56720337100) ;Wulf Hanson, Sarah (57212263269) ;Xavier, Denis (55403963100) ;Xu, Gelin (57203583113) ;Yadgir, Simon (57192837280) ;Yaghoubi, Mohsen (56402926900) ;Yakob, Bereket (57203811497) ;Yan, Lijing L. (35933756700) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Ye, Pengpeng (57202839295) ;Yimam, Hassen Hamid (57196325590) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed (57203666922) ;Zegeye, Elias Asfaw (57209171278) ;Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185) ;Zhang, Xueying (56283378700) ;Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200) ;Zipkin, Ben (57200737130) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746)Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;James, Spencer L. (57202557998) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598) ;Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002) ;Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700) ;Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E. (57216675148) ;Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500) ;Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600) ;Acharya, Pawan (56435749900) ;Ackerman, Ilana N. 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(57198311895) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144) ;Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144) ;Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yisma, Engida (55556060700) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058) ;Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200) ;Zare, Zohreh (35436578700)Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860)Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(2017) ;Wang, Haidong (16507828100) ;Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abera, Semaw Ferede (57205180598) ;Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (14032724700) ;Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E. (57216675148) ;Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi (57208456508) ;Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800) ;Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O. (13609887500) ;Adetokunboh, Olatunji (56598104300) ;Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455) ;Aggarwal, Rakesh (7203024985) ;Agrawal, Anurag (35214460700) ;Agrawal, Sutapa (57202841733) ;Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar (57199100665) ;Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317) ;Aichour, Amani Nidhal (57195486768) ;Aichour, Ibthiel (57195485980) ;Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine (57195488258) ;Aiyar, Sneha (57216813717) ;Akanda, Ali Shafqat (35290419100) ;Akinyemiju, Tomi F. (57202561503) ;Akseer, Nadia (57207801968) ;Al-Eyadhy, Ayman (24554080400) ;Al Lami, Faris Hasan (57200737005) ;Alabed, Samer (37049870800) ;Alahdab, Fares (55135922900) ;Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500) ;Alam, Khurshid (57203681299) ;Alam, Noore (57202437697) ;Alasfoor, Deena (57192936248) ;Aldridge, Robert William (57209842885) ;Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764) ;Alhabib, Samia (57194933167) ;Ali, Raghib (57196506541) ;Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza (36024974700) ;Aljunid, Syed M. (6504304159) ;Alkaabi, Juma M. 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(57200187168) ;Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe (57078990000) ;Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde (57216482917) ;Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirstos (57908382800) ;Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday (57195329489) ;Gelaye, Amha Admasie (56609274200) ;Geleijnse, Johanna M. (35195702500) ;Gemechu, Bikila Lencha (57201195568) ;Gemechu, Kasiye Shiferaw (55998328100) ;Genova-Maleras, Ricard (15070563900) ;Gesesew, Hailay Abrha (56412148300) ;Gething, Peter W. (57193559189) ;Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104) ;Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660) ;Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331) ;Giref, Ababi Zergaw (57219994468) ;Girma, Bedilu Weji (57199404611) ;Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076) ;Goenka, Shifalika (57217111080) ;Gomez, Beatriz (56835173600) ;Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762) ;Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891) ;Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho (57201181348) ;Graetz, Nicholas (56276346000) ;Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008) ;Gupta, Prakash C. (58767181900) ;Gupta, Rahul (57204120071) ;Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300) ;Gupta, Tanush (57219956402) ;Gupta, Vipin (57199940653) ;Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125) ;Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261) ;Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan (36647510000) ;Hakuzimana, Alex (40761558700) ;Halasa, Yara A. (57202569911) ;Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi (57202769526) ;Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome (57203666810) ;Hamidi, Samer (24366336000) ;Hammami, Mouhanad (57216961083) ;Hancock, Jamie (57202975481) ;Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398) ;Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661) ;Hao, Yuantao (57202554333) ;Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122) ;Hareri, Habtamu Abera (57195292447) ;Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (57202524069) ;Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903) ;Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh (35085056400) ;Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728) ;Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;He, Fei (59031207400) ;Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz (36941085200) ;Herteliu, Claudiu (26035943100) ;Hilawe, Esayas Haregot (55842959800) ;Hoek, Hans W. 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(57202562224) ;Kastor, Anshul (56652275600) ;Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal (6508254091) ;Kaul, Anil (16156995700) ;Kawakami, Norito (35377339000) ;Kazanjan, Konstantin (57193091626) ;Keiyoro, Peter Njenga (57203177260) ;Kelbore, Sefonias Getachew (57199405433) ;Kemp, Andrew Haddon (57218313462) ;Kengne, Andre Pascal (7801322838) ;Keren, Andre (7005620132) ;Kereselidze, Maia (55659152900) ;Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair (57218000521) ;Ketema, Ezra Belay (56866354200) ;Khader, Yousef Saleh (55654192600) ;Khalil, Ibrahim A. (58255049500) ;Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274) ;Khan, Gulfaraz (6701635515) ;Khang, Young-Ho (57198904674) ;Khera, Sahil (55052471100) ;Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah (57194229795) ;Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein (56524167000) ;Kibret, Getiye Dejenu (57194615380) ;Kieling, Christian (57218820714) ;Kim, Cho-Il (57199973023) ;Kim, Daniel (57223019104) ;Kim, Pauline (57191593761) ;Kim, Sungroul (57218664381) ;Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375) ;Kimokoti, Ruth W. 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(57194598546) ;Larson, Heidi J. (57202559142) ;Larsson, Anders (56381985300) ;Laryea, Dennis Odai (57201281307) ;Lavados, Pablo M. (57188955599) ;Laxmaiah, Avula (57203210441) ;Lee, Paul H. (57200302692) ;Leigh, James (7202089604) ;Leung, Janni (57214397752) ;Leung, Ricky (56276497100) ;Levi, Miriam (54893035000) ;Li, Yongmei (56147667800) ;Liao, Yu (56746945000) ;Liben, Misgan Legesse (57188568119) ;Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433) ;Linn, Shai (7102590173) ;Lipshultz, Steven E. (7006950713) ;Liu, Shiwei (57209574351) ;Lodha, Rakesh (7007019609) ;Logroscino, Giancarlo (7004888005) ;Lorch, Scott A. (6701858100) ;Lorkowski, Stefan (57203677656) ;Lotufo, Paulo A. (7003331101) ;Lozano, Rafael (7102198442) ;Lunevicius, Raimundas (57216165063) ;Lyons, Ronan A. (55574561400) ;Ma, Stefan (7403723389) ;Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King (56330601800) ;Machado, Isis Eloah (56048981000) ;Mackay, Mark T. 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(55074747400) ;Rothenbacher, Dietrich (7004765162) ;Roy, Ambuj (7402704658) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Ruhago, George Mugambage (50761517500) ;Saadat, Soheil (16310355800) ;Sabde, Yogesh Damodar (54793337800) ;Sachdev, Perminder S. (7102284091) ;Sadat, Nafis (57219687343) ;Safdarian, Mahdi (57203849024) ;Safi, Sare (57219477293) ;Safiri, Saeid (56009654100) ;Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100) ;Sahathevan, Ramesh (35332739200) ;Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900) ;Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600) ;Salama, Joseph (57202975625) ;Salamati, Payman (14045860600) ;Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600) ;Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan Ramon (7006262917) ;Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores (57202569015) ;Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911) ;Santric Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346) ;Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo (57204744430) ;Sartorius, Benn (12788526800) ;Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691) ;Sawhney, Monika (57217153893) ;Saxena, Sonia (57203151746) ;Saylan, Mete I. (56253241700) ;Schmidt, Maria Inês (7404398885) ;Schneider, Ione J.C. (57201292772) ;Schutte, Aletta E. (57216814352) ;Schwebel, David C. (6603681532) ;Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600) ;Seedat, Soraya (7003445887) ;Seid, Abdulbasit Musa (57190280174) ;Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000) ;Servan-Mori, Edson E. (57202594826) ;Shackelford, Katya Anne (57202959163) ;Shaheen, Amira (57202560956) ;Shahraz, Saeid (57215142060) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Shamsipour, Mansour (57197846052) ;Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127) ;Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100) ;Sharma, Jayendra (57195329457) ;Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600) ;She, Jun (57209122131) ;Shen, Jiabin (57199271940) ;Shetty, Balakrishna P. (57194580871) ;Shi, Peilin (57203064901) ;Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900) ;Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000) ;Shiri, Rahman (57200737050) ;Shiue, Ivy (35811219800) ;Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404) ;Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora (57195363778) ;Silberberg, Donald H. (57223420256) ;Silpakit, Naris (57202401404) ;Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000) ;Silva, João Pedro (7403023631) ;Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves (57190284103) ;Sindi, Shireen (57209045912) ;Singh, Abhishek (59639211800) ;Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736) ;Singh, Prashant Kumar (57208090732) ;Singh, Virendra (57191848598) ;Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609) ;Skiadaresi, Eirini (37100428500) ;Sligar, Amber (57190284582) ;Smith, David L. (55574206203) ;Sobaih, Badr H.A. (57202564080) ;Sobngwi, Eugene (6701427993) ;Soneji, Samir (57204096389) ;Soriano, Joan B. (7101973935) ;Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335) ;Srinivasan, Vinay (57196077031) ;Stathopoulou, Vasiliki (57195644148) ;Steel, Nicholas (6603791873) ;Stein, Dan J. (55769747595) ;Steiner, Caitlyn (57205358084) ;Stöckl, Heidi (57200232597) ;Stokes, Mark Andrew (7102859000) ;Strong, Mark (12783473200) ;Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale (58294633600) ;Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader (57195295816) ;Sunguya, Bruno F. (57209060557) ;Sur, Patrick J. (57218360398) ;Swaminathan, Soumya (7102380757) ;Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396) ;Szoeke, Cassandra E.I. (6505920990) ;Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102) ;Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar (57207799926) ;Tadese, Fentaw (57190805861) ;Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756) ;Tanne, David (7006302238) ;Tarajia, Musharaf (56041372500) ;Tavakkoli, Mohammad (57202524239) ;Taveira, Nuno (6602731390) ;Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020) ;Tekelab, Tesfalidet (56721378300) ;Tekle, Dejen Yemane (57191848698) ;Temam Shifa, Girma (57217000284) ;Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (56115852000) ;Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman (57211144258) ;Tesema, Cheru Leshargie (57195295462) ;Tesssema, Belay (57195294962) ;Theis, Andrew (57196076787) ;Thomas, Nihal (7401830494) ;Thompson, Alex H. (57196083297) ;Thomson, Alan J. (57969994200) ;Thrift, Amanda G. 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(57195959162) ;Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich (57211633239) ;Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Waid, Jillian L. (57191965831) ;Wakayo, Tolassa (57205609717) ;Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100) ;Weichenthal, Scott (57202555239) ;Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947) ;Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Wesana, Joshua (56688521300) ;Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700) ;Wilkinson, James D. (57207903571) ;Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509) ;Woldeyes, Belete Getahun (57195329524) ;Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705) ;Workicho, Abdulhalik (56720337100) ;Workie, Shimelash Bitew (57191837199) ;Xavier, Denis (55403963100) ;Xu, Gelin (57203583113) ;Yaghoubi, Mohsen (56402926900) ;Yakob, Bereket (57203811497) ;Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene (57190286375) ;Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Ye, Pengpeng (57202839295) ;Yimam, Hassen Hamid (57196325590) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn (49664327400) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922) ;Zeeb, Hajo (57203073012) ;Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185) ;Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900) ;Zhang, Anthony Lin (56391112900) ;Zhang, Xueying (56283378700) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746) ;Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668)Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates - a measure of relative inequality - increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. Copyright © The Author(s). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015(2017) ;Barber, Ryan M. (57202560423) ;Fullman, Nancy (57211064970) ;Sorensen, Reed J.D. (57196918748) ;Bollyky, Thomas (36677045500) ;McKee, Martin (7202304775) ;Nolte, Ellen (7005556106) ;Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdulle, Abdishakur M. (6603592018) ;Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi (56677630600) ;Abera, Semaw Ferede (57205180598) ;Abraham, Biju (57202568691) ;Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha (6504124710) ;Adane, Kelemework (57202841698) ;Adelekan, Ademola Lukman (57216109261) ;Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O. 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(55481130700)Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0-42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2-55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17(2020) ;Deshpande, Aniruddha (57208579336) ;Miller-Petrie, Molly K. (56387657900) ;Lindstedt, Paulina A. (57211558396) ;Baumann, Mathew M. (57211550981) ;Johnson, Kimberly B. (57207359220) ;Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abegaz, Kedir Hussein (57200726326) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abreu, Lucas Guimarães (55937631400) ;Abrigo, Michael R. M. (56018773400) ;Abualhasan, Ahmed (57211135523) ;Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500) ;Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381) ;Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853) ;Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi (57208456508) ;Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800) ;Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900) ;Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. 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(55693710800) ;Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600) ;Duraes, Andre Rodrigues (30867558600) ;Edinur, Hisham Atan (57287676500) ;Effiong, Andem (57213158150) ;Eftekhari, Aziz (56829076800) ;El Nahas, Nevine (57479225600) ;El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922) ;El Tantawi, Maha (57214851491) ;Elhabashy, Hala Rashad (34869491800) ;El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I. (34869528300) ;El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000) ;Elkout, Hajer (36102315300) ;Elsharkawy, Aisha (55683285000) ;Enany, Shymaa (23972375400) ;Endalew, Daniel Adane (57211158603) ;Eshrati, Babak (16030619200) ;Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158) ;Etemadi, Arash (7004686554) ;Ezekannagha, Oluchi (57192130654) ;Faraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019) ;Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600) ;Faro, Andre (36770969600) ;Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611) ;Fasil, Alebachew (57204011210) ;Fazlzadeh, Mehdi (55199878200) ;Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957) ;Fekadu, Wubalem (56955761700) ;Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400) ;Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520) ;Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500) ;Filip, Irina (55570061400) ;Fischer, Florian (55508208800) ;Flohr, Carsten (57203088709) ;Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893) ;Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin (56725310700) ;Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300) ;Franklin, Richard Charles (7201428429) ;Frostad, Joseph Jon (57222306717) ;Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300) ;Gad, Mohamed M. (57203749611) ;Garcia, Gregory M. (57203975068) ;Gatotoh, Augustine Mwangi (57218551940) ;Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye (57225049499) ;Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork (57200529247) ;Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310) ;Gesesew, Hailay Abrha (56412148300) ;Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611) ;Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020) ;Sherbaf, Farzaneh Ghazi (57195630891) ;Gill, Tiffany K. (8545441900) ;Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660) ;Ginindza, Themba G. (24468039800) ;Girmay, Alem (59792305600) ;Gizaw, Zemichael (6507324514) ;Goodridge, Amador (55801980200) ;Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891) ;Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348) ;Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia (55958854600) ;Grada, Ayman (55797741000) ;Green, Manfred S. (7406234940) ;Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen (57210795029) ;Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008) ;Guido, Davide (56314778600) ;Guimarães, Rafael Alves (56534712800) ;Guo, Yuming (55712472800) ;Gupta, Rahul (57204120071) ;Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300) ;Ha, Giang Hai (57202970834) ;Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125) ;Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261) ;Haile, Dessalegn H. (57210826570) ;Haile, Michael Tamene (57204564050) ;Hall, Brian J. (57218302519) ;Hamidi, Samer (24366336000) ;Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes (57201501075) ;Haririan, Hamidreza (36157009700) ;Hariyani, Ninuk (57190349243) ;Hasaballah, Ahmed I. (56002305300) ;Hasan, Md Mehedi (57213529757) ;Hasanzadeh, Amir (57193162243) ;Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707) ;Hayelom, Desta Haftu (57216638000) ;Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200) ;Heibati, Behzad (55341086000) ;Heidari, Behnam (6603217356) ;Hendrie, Delia (6602071966) ;Henok, Andualem (57196451824) ;Herteliu, Claudiu (26035943100) ;Heydarpour, Fatemeh (57192381690) ;de Hidru, Hagos Degefa (57216634249) ;Hird, Thomas R. (57191433938) ;Hoang, Chi Linh (57205123375) ;Hollerich, Gillian I. (57211311881) ;Hoogar, Praveen (57204240256) ;Hossain, Naznin (57195380270) ;Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569) ;Househ, Mowafa (8667908000) ;Hu, Guoqing (57218106596) ;Humayun, Ayesha (25226911300) ;Hussain, Syed Ather (56910575300) ;Hussen, Mamusha Aman A. (57221268448) ;Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408) ;Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800) ;Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394) ;Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan (55913164400) ;Iqbal, Usman (55572166900) ;Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543) ;Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100) ;Ivers, Rebecca Q. (55149105300) ;Iwu, Chinwe Juliana (56904084900) ;Jahanmehr, Nader (57203122718) ;Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (14318929700) ;Jalali, Amir (23469738000) ;Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra (57204797176) ;Jenabi, Ensiyeh (15755615100) ;Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400) ;Jha, Vivekanand (7005119423) ;Ji, John S. (58562329500) ;Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953) ;Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700) ;Kabir, Ali (23050698400) ;Kabir, Zubair (57207901718) ;Kanchan, Tanuj (35237157900) ;Karch, André (55917217700) ;Karki, Surendra (55329873800) ;Kasaeian, Amir (57195540738) ;Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie (57209913312) ;Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe (57194854983) ;Kassa, Getachew Mullu (56229895500) ;Kassa, Gebrehiwot G. (57218201847) ;Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400) ;Kebede, Mihiretu M. (56781219700) ;Keiyoro, Peter Njenga (57203177260) ;Ketema, Daniel Bekele (57207259667) ;Khader, Yousef Saleh (55654192600) ;Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif (55608324700) ;Khalid, Nauman (57204561542) ;Khalilov, Rovshan (57193308858) ;Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274) ;Khan, Junaid (57203436148) ;Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Nuruzzaman (57209404949) ;Khatab, Khaled (27267685100) ;Khater, Mona M. (57203308114) ;Khater, Amir M. (57211138055) ;Khayamzadeh, Maryam (57212086295) ;Khazaei, Mohammad (57204562878) ;Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein (56524167000) ;Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011) ;Kiadaliri, Ali (57199100665) ;Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375) ;Kimokoti, Ruth W. (8647554600) ;Kisa, Sezer (14030019900) ;Kisa, Adnan (6603346067) ;Kochhar, Sonali (57214107714) ;Kolola, Tufa (57191620788) ;Komaki, Hamidreza (56712484800) ;Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192) ;Koul, Parvaiz A. (14022262900) ;Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912) ;Krishan, Kewal (57202279708) ;Defo, Barthelemy Kuate (6602271655) ;Kugbey, Nuworza (57195398167) ;Kumar, Pushpendra (57208849920) ;Anil Kumar, G. (57139550500) ;Kumar, Manasi (21739940700) ;Kusuma, Dian (57190047530) ;La Vecchia, Carlo (36063266200) ;Lacey, Ben (7004338442) ;Lal, Aparna (55163011100) ;Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984) ;Lam, Hilton (35484312600) ;Lami, Faris Hasan (57200737005) ;Lansingh, Van Charles (57209471470) ;Lasrado, Savita (36632480900) ;Lebedev, Georgy (57204560431) ;Lee, Paul H. (57200302692) ;LeGrand, Kate E. (57216789066) ;Leili, Mostafa (57204565987) ;Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso (57212018109) ;Leshargie, Cheru Tesema (57195295462) ;Levine, Aubrey J. (57189577844) ;Lewycka, Sonia (57212496031) ;Li, Shanshan (57216631901) ;Linn, Shai (7102590173) ;Liu, Shiwei (57209574351) ;Lopez, Jaifred Christian F. (57204721325) ;Lopukhov, Platon D. (57191340780) ;El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd (57216629996) ;Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R. (57220181627) ;Mahasha, Phetole Walter (28767805500) ;Mahotra, Narayan B. (55924241300) ;Majeed, Azeem (7102027801) ;Malekzadeh, Reza (7005197760) ;Malta, Deborah Carvalho (15835283500) ;Mamun, Abdullah A. (55666602500) ;Manafi, Navid (57190424904) ;Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600) ;Mapoma, Chabila Christopher (57208956832) ;Martinez, Gabriel (57208099155) ;Martini, Santi (57162600900) ;Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807) ;Mathur, Manu Raj (55270329300) ;Mayala, Benjamin K. (23980407900) ;Mazidi, Mohsen (57200232563) ;McAlinden, Colm (35325278500) ;Meharie, Birhanu Geta (57217083932) ;Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864) ;Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi (56062744400) ;Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418) ;Mekonnen, Teferi (57215662987) ;Mekonnen, Tefera Chane (57193872649) ;Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael (57211140536) ;Meles, Hagazi Gebre (57204559084) ;Memiah, Peter T. N. (57217207827) ;Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350) ;Mendoza, Walter (57216905642) ;Menezes, Ritesh G. (55517099900) ;Mereta, Seid Tiku (57203628211) ;Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57219008708) ;Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107) ;Metekiya, Workua Mekonnen (57196454928) ;Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900) ;Miller, Ted R. (7403948600) ;Mini, G.K. (12800865800) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888) ;Moazen, Babak (57204324006) ;Mohajer, Bahram (57039225300) ;Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710) ;Mohammad, Dara K. (43161421200) ;Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi (57552959000) ;Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh (57192074472) ;Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000) ;Mohammed, Jemal Abdu (57211142589) ;Mohammed, Hassen (57204791939) ;Mohebi, Farnam (55633844600) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Moodley, Yoshan (57210652387) ;Moradi, Ghobad (48161434000) ;Moradi, Masoud (56506570100) ;Moradi-Joo, Mohammad (56367798400) ;Moraga, Paula (46761426800) ;Morales, Linda (57356958400) ;Mosapour, Abbas (16425956900) ;Mosser, Jonathan F. (56111776300) ;Mouodi, Simin (55372646500) ;Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam (56165159700) ;Mozaffor, Miliva (57202792134) ;Munro, Sandra B. (7004622934) ;Muriithi, Moses K. (55824830500) ;Murray, Christopher J. L. (57224556036) ;Musa, Kamarul Imran (57194536466) ;Mustafa, Ghulam (57190395960) ;Muthupandian, Saravanan (54585668500) ;Naderi, Mehdi (57202026927) ;Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Naik, Gurudatta (56020694000) ;Nangia, Vinay (57201490837) ;Nascimento, Bruno Ramos (14424406800) ;Nazari, Javad (57207759174) ;Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith (36612016600) ;Negoi, Ionut (57200640014) ;Netsere, Henok Biresaw (57218199940) ;Ngunjiri, Josephine W. (57195296110) ;Nguyen, Cuong Tat (56531347200) ;Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi (57226837406) ;Nguyen, Quynhanh P. (57211556351) ;Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu (57202799602) ;Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini (57195329470) ;Nnaji, Chukwudi A. (57204873792) ;Nojomi, Marzieh (22941666400) ;Norheim, Ole F. (7004082597) ;Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000) ;Oancea, Bogdan (26658614800) ;Ogbo, Felix Akpojene (57217186813) ;Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669) ;Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700) ;Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682) ;Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860) ;Onwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855) ;Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V. (6505938824) ;Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo (57211311925) ;Osei, Frank B. (24829542600) ;Owolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892) ;Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244) ;Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300) ;Pakhale, Smita (57220937499) ;Pana, Adrian (57191837583) ;Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178) ;Patel, Sangram Kishor (58176445200) ;Pathak, Ashish (57220708099) ;Patle, Ajay (57203309187) ;Paulos, Kebreab (57212022022) ;Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino (57216890866) ;Perico, Norberto (56481931200) ;Pervaiz, Aslam (57202521714) ;Pescarini, Julia Moreira (57193612611) ;Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721) ;Pham, Hai Quang (57217078995) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Pilgrim, Thomas (23670489400) ;Pirsaheb, Meghdad (25645282200) ;Poljak, Mario (59832420400) ;Pollock, Ian (57219571880) ;Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502) ;Pourmalek, Farshad (8309390500) ;Pourshams, Akram (6507521541) ;Prada, Sergio I. (55259772200) ;Preotescu, Liliana (36011288800) ;Quintana, Hedley (56835362100) ;Rabiee, Navid (57201008317) ;Rabiee, Mohammad (24587922100) ;Radfar, Amir (57194428768) ;Rafiei, Alireza (13205769200) ;Rahim, Fakher (23052247800) ;Rahimi, Siavash (59277909000) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446) ;Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497) ;Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600) ;Rajati, Fatemeh (54780507400) ;Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500) ;Rao, Puja C. (57191835613) ;Rasella, Davide (36184697300) ;Rath, Goura Kishor (35444818200) ;Rawaf, Salman (6602475959) ;Rawal, Lal (37262106500) ;Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz (24822831100) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renjith, Vishnu (56468022200) ;Renzaho, Andre M. N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Riahi, Seyed Mohammad (57193205976) ;Ribeiro, Ana Isabel (36860251200) ;Rickard, Jennifer (56581573500) ;Roever, Leonardo (56641632800) ;Ronfani, Luca (6602565620) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Rubino, Salvatore (55240504800) ;Saad, Anas M. (57143724900) ;Sabour, Siamak (16307842100) ;Sadeghi, Ehsan (37010381500) ;Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi (56071020000) ;Safari, Yahya (55700424100) ;Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100) ;Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600) ;Mohammad Sajadi, S. (22136195900) ;Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza (55580011800) ;Salam, Nasir (23992664500) ;Saleem, Ahsan (57218544656) ;Salem, Marwa Rashad (57194137372) ;Salem, Hosni (16246117500) ;Salimi, Yahya (54421017000) ;Salimzadeh, Hamideh (23052386900) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan (7006262917) ;Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911) ;Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346) ;Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao (57202052980) ;Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer (57211312277) ;Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316) ;Sartorius, Benn (12788526800) ;Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500) ;Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu (54407369300) ;Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691) ;Sawhney, Monika (57217153893) ;Sayyah, Mehdi (10540414200) ;Sbarra, Alyssa N. (57200546253) ;Schaeffer, Lauren E. (57208868098) ;Schwebel, David C. (6603681532) ;Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta (57212584644) ;Senthilkumaran, Subramanian (36191387000) ;Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000) ;Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826) ;Shafieesabet, Azadeh (56964338900) ;Shaheen, Amira A. (57202560956) ;Shahid, Izza (57207033505) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Shalash, Ali S. (36521728200) ;Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran (57193608415) ;Shamsi, Mohammadbagher (57204557980) ;Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127) ;Shannawaz, Mohammed (56349680200) ;Sharafi, Kiomars (57194516056) ;Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600) ;Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962) ;Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar (7102818010) ;Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw (57214329180) ;Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000) ;Shin, Jae Il (57964880100) ;Shiri, Rahman (57200737050) ;Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400) ;Shivakumar, K.M. (57221603938) ;Si, Si (56706979500) ;Siabani, Soraya (25227131300) ;Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal (57193718539) ;Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000) ;Singh, Balbir Bagicha (16680213100) ;Singh, Ambrish (57214875932) ;Singh, Virendra (57191848598) ;Singh, Narinder Pal (57211864736) ;Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736) ;Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609) ;Sisay, Malede Mequanent (57211322781) ;Skiadaresi, Eirini (37100428500) ;Smith, David L. (55574206203) ;Filho, Adauto Martins Soares (49961178500) ;Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza (35280718200) ;Sokhan, Anton (57201637884) ;Soriano, Joan B. (7101973935) ;Sorrie, Muluken Bekele (57195303874) ;Soyiri, Ireneous N. (15052406400) ;Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth (57218543838) ;Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335) ;Sudaryanto, Agus (57305372500) ;Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (58294633600) ;Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul (55496122500) ;Sykes, Bryan L. (57218362022) ;Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102) ;Tabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400) ;Tadesse, Degena Bahrey (57213597502) ;Tarigan, Ingan Ukur (54080771800) ;Taye, Bineyam (57210469900) ;Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin (57209732307) ;Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020) ;Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey (57204566273) ;Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin (57204237146) ;Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (56115852000) ;Tesfay, Fisaha Haile (57203977293) ;Tesfay, Berhe Etsay (57211142477) ;Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse (57211312128) ;Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435) ;Thekkepurakkal, Akhil Soman (56524492000) ;Thomas, Nihal (7401830494) ;Thompson, Robert L. (59050229100) ;Thomson, Alan J. (57969994200) ;Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892) ;Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900) ;Traini, Eugenio (57211137081) ;Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515) ;Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536) ;Ullah, Irfan (56992676600) ;Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100) ;Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075) ;Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100) ;Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi (57211633289) ;Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577) ;Varughese, Santosh (22942817500) ;Veisani, Yousef (55370882600) ;Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890) ;Vollmer, Sebastian (24460878700) ;Whawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel (57220760447) ;Waheed, Yasir (35303643700) ;Wallin, Mitchell Taylor (57201573668) ;Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100) ;Wang, Yafeng (57208674780) ;Wangdi, Kinley (36469592800) ;Weiss, Daniel J. (8609275600) ;Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay (57211811032) ;Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Wiangkham, Taweewat (56829456300) ;Wiens, Kirsten E. (55515807800) ;Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700) ;Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509) ;Wolde, Haileab Fekadu (57199530258) ;Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu (57207771936) ;Wonde, Tewodros Eshete (57207759070) ;Worku, Getasew Taddesse (57218197319) ;Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896) ;Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055) ;Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Yatsuya, Hiroshi (6603908304) ;Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144) ;Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu (57212019529) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yisma, Engida (55556060700) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A. (56183368000) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Yusefzadeh, Hasan (55887807200) ;Zadey, Siddhesh (57188589258) ;Moghadam, Telma Zahirian (57201718494) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058) ;Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300) ;Zandian, Hamed (57205175627) ;Zar, Heather J. (7006236599) ;Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900) ;Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200) ;Ziapour, Arash (57202571078) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Zuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2020) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Wiens, Kirsten E. (55515807800) ;Deshpande, Aniruddha (57208579336) ;Baumann, Mathew M. (57211550981) ;Lindstedt, Paulina A. (57211558396) ;Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381) ;Troeger, Christopher E. (57195223624) ;Earl, Lucas (57190371340) ;Munro, Sandra B. (7004622934) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Getaneh (57202422848) ;Abegaz, Kedir Hussein (57200726326) ;Abreu, Lucas Guimarães (55937631400) ;Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400) ;Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500) ;Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600) ;Adabi, Maryam (57190491886) ;Adebayo, Oladimeji M. 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(57204849530) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn (49664327400) ;Yisma, Engida (55556060700) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A. (56183368000) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Yusefzadeh, Hasan (55887807200) ;Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300) ;Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos (57193255530) ;Zandian, Hamed (57205175627) ;Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860) ;Zepro, Nejimu Biza (57193095335) ;Zewale, Taye Abuhay (57209219258) ;Zhang, Dongyu (57216327764) ;Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200) ;Zhao, Xiu-Ju (8360350900) ;Ziapour, Arash (57202571078) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016(2018) ;Fullman, Nancy (57211064970) ;Yearwood, Jamal (57202282849) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abebo, Teshome Abuka (57195738441) ;Aboyans, Victor (56214736500) ;Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877) ;Abreu, Daisy M.X. (9747083200) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith J. 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(57198311895) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Yimer, Nigus Bililign (57216264444) ;Yin, Peng (7103219312) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn (49664327400) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yonga, Gerald (57203907041) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57201889726) ;Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922) ;Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058) ;Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300) ;Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185) ;Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200) ;Zhu, Jun (56215097100) ;Zimsen, Stephanie R.M. (57196078433) ;Zipkin, Ben (57200737130) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746) ;Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Lozano, Rafael (7102198442) ;Fullman, Nancy (57211064970) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdel-Rahman, Omar (55777635800) ;Abdi, Alireza (56845014200) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje (57192680787) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abera, Semaw F. 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(57194580686) ;Oladimeji, Olanrewaju (57216495380) ;Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700) ;Olagunju, Tinuke O. (57203076824) ;Olivares, Pedro R. (7003510190) ;Olsen, Helen Elizabeth (57203080494) ;Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682) ;Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860) ;Ong, Kanyin L. (57210793447) ;Ong, Sok King (36614524300) ;Oommen, Anu Mary (57044459700) ;Opio, John Nelson (57200124403) ;Oren, Eyal (36815569400) ;Oros, Andrei (57204562582) ;Ortega-Altamirano, Doris D. V. (6505938824) ;Ortiz, Alberto (7201911399) ;Ortiz, Justin R. (57201758478) ;Ortiz-Panozo, Eduardo (57196090009) ;Ota, Erika (57202554474) ;Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394) ;Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo (57222581892) ;Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244) ;Pakhale, Smita (57220937499) ;Pakhare, Abhijit P. (54383993100) ;Pan, Wen-Harn (7402219783) ;Pana, Adrian (57191837583) ;Panda, Basant Kumar (57196077672) ;Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra (6603112353) ;Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai (6701618847) ;Papantoniou, Nikolaos (35451910100) ;Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178) ;Parry, Charles D. H. (7102561312) ;Parsian, Hadi (55991107900) ;Patel, Shanti (57072227700) ;Pati, Sanghamitra (55441302100) ;Patle, Ajay (57203309187) ;Patton, George C. (7102184358) ;Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao (56499299400) ;Paudel, Deepak (57207871851) ;Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789) ;Pearce, Neil (56491440700) ;Peprah, Emmanuel K. (57195257834) ;Pereira, David M. (57200690024) ;Perico, Norberto (56481931200) ;Pervaiz, Aslam (57202521714) ;Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721) ;Petri, William A. (7102315371) ;Petzold, Max (7003628893) ;Phillips, Michael R. (57202563610) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Pillay, Julian David (57197803061) ;Pirsaheb, Meghdad (25645282200) ;Pletcher, Martin (57196075669) ;Pond, Constance Dimity (7006633763) ;Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502) ;Pourshams, Akram (6507521541) ;Poustchi, Hossein (8622806500) ;Prabhakaran, Dorairaj (7004283783) ;Prakash, Swayam (57212263375) ;Prasad, Narayan (23028765700) ;Purcell, Caroline A. (56203575500) ;Pyakurel, Manita (57204567226) ;Qorbani, Mostafa (24831040300) ;Quansah, Reginald (14825606700) ;Radfar, Amir (57194428768) ;Rafay, Anwar (57212263323) ;Rafiei, Alireza (13205769200) ;Rahim, Fakher (23052247800) ;Rahimi, Kazem (58482212900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin (8696686900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446) ;Rahman, Mahfuzar (35571661300) ;Rahman, Md Shafiur (57213622873) ;Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497) ;Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600) ;Rahman, Sajjad Ur (15835524800) ;Rai, Rajesh Kumar (51864423900) ;Rajati, Fatemeh (54780507400) ;Rajsic, Sasa (57196448260) ;Ram, Usha (26653819000) ;Rana, Saleem M. (57204884092) ;Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500) ;Ranjan, Prabhat (57200595370) ;Rasella, Davide (36184697300) ;Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052) ;Rawaf, Salman (6602475959) ;Razo-García, Christian (57191620919) ;Reddy, K Srinath (35417788900) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Reis, Cesar (56611469700) ;Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renzaho, Andre M. N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam (12142340100) ;Rezaei, Satar (55791003000) ;Rezaeian, Shahab (55214334100) ;Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300) ;Riahi, Seyed Mohammad (57193205976) ;Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P. (57204577960) ;Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus (57208577330) ;Roba, Kedir Teji (57203667432) ;Roberts, Nicholas L. S. (57204562597) ;Roever, Leonardo (56641632800) ;Ronfani, Luca (6602565620) ;Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800) ;Rostami, Ali (59144808300) ;Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400) ;Roy, Ambuj (7402704658) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Ruhago, George Mugambage (50761517500) ;Sabde, Yogesh Damodar (54793337800) ;Sachdev, Perminder S. (7102284091) ;Saddik, Basema (23020079300) ;Sadeghi, Ehsan (37010381500) ;Safari, Hosein (57204236925) ;Safari, Yahya (55700424100) ;Safari-Faramani, Roya (57210821203) ;Safdarian, Mahdi (57203849024) ;Safi, Sare (57219477293) ;Safiri, Saeid (56009654100) ;Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100) ;Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900) ;Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600) ;Sajadi, Haniye Sadat (57190919153) ;Salam, Nasir (23992664500) ;Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625) ;Salamati, Payman (14045860600) ;De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael (57193063393) ;Saleem, Zikria (56179814800) ;Salimi, Yahya (54421017000) ;Salimzadeh, Hamideh (23052386900) ;Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600) ;Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777) ;Salz, Inbal (57199623777) ;Sambala, Evanson Zondani (36718133800) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan (7006262917) ;Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores (57202569015) ;Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911) ;Milicevic, Milena M. Santric (57209748201) ;Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao (57202052980) ;Sardana, Mayank (56992882500) ;Sarker, Abdur Razzaque (55908816200) ;Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316) ;Sartorius, Benn (12788526800) ;Sarvi, Shahabeddin (56168398100) ;Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500) ;Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691) ;Savic, Miloje (57204524150) ;Sawant, Arundhati R. (57204568004) ;Sawhney, Monika (57217153893) ;Saxena, Sonia (57203151746) ;Saylan, Mete (56253241700) ;Sayyah, Mehdi (10540414200) ;Schaeffner, Elke (6507021741) ;Schmidt, Maria Inês (7404398885) ;Schneider, Ione J. C. (57201292772) ;Schöttker, Ben (37665918200) ;Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352) ;Schwebel, David C. (6603681532) ;Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600) ;Seedat, Soraya (7003445887) ;Sekerija, Mario (30268005400) ;Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019(2022) ;Haakenstad, Annie (56079498000) ;Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter (57203666733) ;Knight, Megan (57218877591) ;Bintz, Corinne (57215013911) ;Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. (35386103000) ;Zheng, Peng (57213707656) ;Gupta, Vin (57209148425) ;Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400) ;Abushouk, Abdelrahman I. (57191479876) ;Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853) ;Agarwal, Gina (57220151944) ;Alahdab, Fares (55135922900) ;Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500) ;Alam, Khurshid (57203681299) ;Alanzi, Turki M. (55978240000) ;Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth (35749450200) ;Alipour, Vahid (56436629300) ;Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239) ;Amit, Arianna Maever L. (57211322011) ;Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200) ;Andrei, Tudorel (24179349400) ;Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500) ;Arabloo, Jalal (57208760927) ;Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833) ;Ayanore, Martin Amogre (57070358300) ;Banach, Maciej (22936699500) ;Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900) ;Barthelemy, Celine M. (57204563787) ;Bayati, Mohsen (56906776500) ;Benzian, Habib (57195256480) ;Berman, Adam E. (7201959854) ;Bienhoff, Kelly (57201959866) ;Bijani, Ali (23134684900) ;Bikbov, Boris (57219957158) ;Biondi, Antonio (57226837403) ;Boloor, Archith (36192710300) ;Busse, Reinhard (35589070800) ;Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739) ;Cámera, Luis Alberto (7003354253) ;Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784) ;Cárdenas, Rosario (57216482927) ;Carvalho, Felix (7103070417) ;Chansa, Collins (24400981500) ;Chattu, Soosanna Kumary (57209796729) ;Chattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500) ;Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300) ;Dai, Xiaochen (57221591169) ;Dandona, Lalit (7007017243) ;Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697) ;Dangel, William James (57219386065) ;Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200) ;De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400) ;Dhimal, Meghnath (54941157300) ;Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi (56587933400) ;Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000) ;Do, Hoa Thi (57201113071) ;Doshi, Chirag P. (58416032700) ;Doshmangir, Leila (44261140600) ;Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham (36107566300) ;El Tantawi, Maha (57214851491) ;Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500) ;Fischer, Florian (55508208800) ;Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893) ;Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich (57218883661) ;Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300) ;Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300) ;Fullman, Nancy (57211064970) ;Gad, Mohamed M. (57203749611) ;Ghadiri, Keyghobad (55409170000) ;Ghafourifard, Mansour (57193420915) ;Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020) ;Glucksman, Thomas (57217082927) ;Goudarzi, Houman (55606092000) ;Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060) ;Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526) ;Hamidi, Samer (24366336000) ;Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903) ;Hasanpoor, Edris (56049728500) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200) ;Heibati, Behzad (55341086000) ;Henry, Nathaniel J. (57196076616) ;Hole, Michael K. (57159282400) ;Hossain, Naznin (57195380270) ;Househ, Mowafa (8667908000) ;Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800) ;Imani-Nasab, Mohammad-Hasan (55913164400) ;Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543) ;Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100) ;Jahani, Mohammad Ali (56091589300) ;Joshi, Ankur (7402453097) ;Kalhor, Rohollah (55670548600) ;Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400) ;Khalid, Nauman (57204561542) ;Khatab, Khaled (27267685100) ;Kisa, Adnan (6603346067) ;Kochhar, Sonali (57214107714) ;Krishan, Kewal (57202279708) ;Kuate Defo, Barthelemy (6602271655) ;Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984) ;Lami, Faris Hasan (57200737005) ;Larsson, Anders O. (56381985300) ;Leasher, Janet L. (57197789738) ;LeGrand, Kate E. (57216789066) ;Lim, Lee-Ling (56988527400) ;Mahotra, Narayan B. (55924241300) ;Majeed, Azeem (7102027801) ;Maleki, Afshin (16402422400) ;Manjunatha, Narayana (16307422500) ;Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard (55859007400) ;Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107) ;Mini, G.K. (12800865800) ;Mirica, Andreea (57188983765) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888) ;Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710) ;Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Morrison, Shane Douglas (45661573100) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith (36612016600) ;Negoi, Ionut (57200640014) ;Negoi, Ruxandra Irina (55566106200) ;Ngunjiri, Josephine W. (57195296110) ;Nguyen, Cuong Tat (56531347200) ;Nigatu, Yeshambel T. (56491170000) ;Onwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855) ;Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V. (6505938824) ;Otstavnov, Nikita (57202947262) ;Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394) ;Owolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892) ;Pakhare, Abhijit P. (54383993100) ;Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino (57216890866) ;Perico, Norberto (56481931200) ;Pham, Hai Quang (57217078995) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Pokhrel, Khem Narayan (57189445377) ;Rabiee, Mohammad (24587922100) ;Rabiee, Navid (57201008317) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446) ;Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052) ;Rawaf, Salman (6602475959) ;Rawal, Lal (37262106500) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Rezaei, Nima (57216077273) ;Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300) ;Rickard, Jennifer (56581573500) ;Roever, Leonardo (56641632800) ;Sahu, Maitreyi (57216341277) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan (57226829732) ;Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346) ;Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer (57211312277) ;Seedat, Soraya (7003445887) ;Senthilkumaran, Subramanian (36191387000) ;Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962) ;Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000) ;Stein, Caroline (57196039610) ;Stein, Dan J. (55769747595) ;Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna (57216631666) ;Topp, Stephanie M. (57226202226) ;Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900) ;Ullah, Saif (57219395828) ;Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100) ;Vacante, Marco (23037085900) ;Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577) ;Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416) ;Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100) ;Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Yearwood, Jamal Akeem (57202282849) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Zadey, Siddhesh (57188589258) ;Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058) ;Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900) ;Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400) ;Ziapour, Arash (57202571078) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433) ;Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)Background: Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 strategy have drawn attention to the importance of HRH for achieving policy priorities such as universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous research has found substantial global disparities in HRH, the absence of comparable cross-national estimates of existing workforces has hindered efforts to quantify workforce requirements to meet health system goals. We aimed to use comparable and standardised data sources to estimate HRH densities globally, and to examine the relationship between a subset of HRH cadres and UHC effective coverage performance. Methods: Through the International Labour Organization and Global Health Data Exchange databases, we identified 1404 country-years of data from labour force surveys and 69 country-years of census data, with detailed microdata on health-related employment. From the WHO National Health Workforce Accounts, we identified 2950 country-years of data. We mapped data from all occupational coding systems to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (ISCO-88), allowing for standardised estimation of densities for 16 categories of health workers across the full time series. Using data from 1990 to 2019 for 196 of 204 countries and territories, covering seven Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) super-regions and 21 regions, we applied spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) to model HRH densities from 1990 to 2019 for all countries and territories. We used stochastic frontier meta-regression to model the relationship between the UHC effective coverage index and densities for the four categories of health workers enumerated in SDG indicator 3.c.1 pertaining to HRH: physicians, nurses and midwives, dentistry personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. We identified minimum workforce density thresholds required to meet a specified target of 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, and quantified national shortages with respect to those minimum thresholds. Findings: We estimated that, in 2019, the world had 104·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 83·5–128·0) health workers, including 12·8 million (9·7–16·6) physicians, 29·8 million (23·3–37·7) nurses and midwives, 4·6 million (3·6–6·0) dentistry personnel, and 5·2 million (4·0–6·7) pharmaceutical personnel. We calculated a global physician density of 16·7 (12·6–21·6) per 10 000 population, and a nurse and midwife density of 38·6 (30·1–48·8) per 10 000 population. We found the GBD super-regions of sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and north Africa and the Middle East had the lowest HRH densities. To reach 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, we estimated that, per 10 000 population, at least 20·7 physicians, 70·6 nurses and midwives, 8·2 dentistry personnel, and 9·4 pharmaceutical personnel would be needed. In total, the 2019 national health workforces fell short of these minimum thresholds by 6·4 million physicians, 30·6 million nurses and midwives, 3·3 million dentistry personnel, and 2·9 million pharmaceutical personnel. Interpretation: Considerable expansion of the world's health workforce is needed to achieve high levels of UHC effective coverage. The largest shortages are in low-income settings, highlighting the need for increased financing and coordination to train, employ, and retain human resources in the health sector. Actual HRH shortages might be larger than estimated because minimum thresholds for each cadre of health workers are benchmarked on health systems that most efficiently translate human resources into UHC attainment. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700) ;Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691) ;Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (57191837748) ;Srinivasan, Vinay (57196077031) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. 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(7003331101) ;Lozano, Rafael (7102198442) ;Lunevicius, Raimundas (57216165063) ;Mabika, Crispin Mabika (56208601300) ;Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King (56330601800) ;Mackay, Mark T. (7103172855) ;Madotto, Fabiana (16029150500) ;Mahmood, Tarek Abd Elaziz (57204558136) ;Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur (55924241300) ;Majdan, Marek (36147855100) ;Majdzadeh, Reza (9246620000) ;Majeed, Azeem (7102027801) ;Malekzadeh, Reza (7005197760) ;Malik, Manzoor Ahmad (57210016163) ;Mamun, Abdullah A. (55666602500) ;Manamo, Wondimu Ayele (57191836792) ;Manda, Ana-Laura (57204567674) ;Mangalam, Srikanth (57200611404) ;Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600) ;Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni (7006357517) ;Mapoma, Chabila Christopher (57208956832) ;Marami, Dadi (57200546490) ;Maravilla, Joemer C. (57008289000) ;Marcenes, Wagner (7005668102) ;Marina, Shakhnazarova (57204569175) ;Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807) ;März, Winfried (57220877383) ;Marzan, Melvin B. (57200737144) ;Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa (56281917500) ;Masiye, Felix (57216327983) ;Mason-Jones, Amanda J. (7201563263) ;Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard (55859007400) ;Mathur, Manu Raj (55270329300) ;Maulik, Pallab K. (7005919685) ;Mazidi, Mohsen (57200232563) ;McGrath, John J. (57202560550) ;Mehata, Suresh (57211773159) ;Mehendale, Sanjay Madhav (7005739578) ;Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864) ;Mehrotra, Ravi (7203045563) ;Mehrzadi, Saeed (56034736000) ;Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418) ;Mehta, Varshil (57158753300) ;Mekonnen, Tefera C. (57193872649) ;Meles, Hagazi Gebre (57204559084) ;Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam (57951018400) ;Melese, Addisu (56901393600) ;Melku, Mulugeta (56032188500) ;Memiah, Peter T.N. (57217207827) ;Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350) ;Mendoza, Walter (57216905642) ;Mengesha, Melkamu Merid (57192953602) ;Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese (57194776802) ;Mengistu, Getnet (57193539632) ;Mensah, George A. (57196028147) ;Mereta, Seid Tiku (57203628211) ;Meretoja, Atte (12775885500) ;Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57202554188) ;Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107) ;Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane (57222113213) ;Miangotar, Yode (57197736129) ;Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900) ;Miazgowski, Tomasz (6701404689) ;Miller, Ted R. (7403948600) ;Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine (56387657900) ;Mini, G.K. (12800865800) ;Mirabi, Parvaneh (51864302500) ;Mirica, Andreea (57188983765) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888) ;Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen (57202808713) ;Moazen, Babak (57204324006) ;Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin (57205300378) ;Mohammadi, Moslem (56274033300) ;Mohammadifard, Noushin (23110866700) ;Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam (56497918100) ;Mohammed, Mohammed A. (57196575014) ;Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000) ;Mokdad, Ali H. 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(6701544088) ;Nagel, Gabriele (7103201623) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Naheed, Aliya (57202560989) ;Nahvijou, Azin (18837247000) ;Naik, Gurudatta (56020694000) ;Naik, Paulami (57219571661) ;Najafi, Farid (21743304900) ;Naldi, Luigi (7004954781) ;Nangia, Vinay (57201490837) ;Nansseu, Jobert Richie (55548984700) ;Nascimento, Bruno Ramos (14424406800) ;Nawaz, Haseeb (57211774152) ;Ncama, Busisiwe P. (22980862000) ;Neamati, Nahid (57204566952) ;Negoi, Ionut (57200640014) ;Negoi, Ruxandra Irina (55566106200) ;Neupane, Subas (57215632313) ;Newton, Charles Richard James (35465836500) ;Ngalesoni, Frida N. (57219463339) ;Ngunjiri, Josephine W. (57195296110) ;Nguyen, Grant (57191591002) ;Nguyen, Long Hoang (56567321800) ;Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200) ;Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini (57195329470) ;Nirayo, Yirga Legesse (57201651103) ;Nisar, Muhammad Imran (57191774461) ;Nixon, Molly R. 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(57196078769) ;Razo-García, Christian (57191620919) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Reis, Cesar (56611469700) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Rezaei, Satar (55791003000) ;Rezaeian, Shahab (55214334100) ;Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300) ;Riahi, Seyed Mohammad (57193205976) ;Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus (57208577330) ;Roba, Kedir Teji (57203667432) ;Roberts, Nicholas L.S. (57204562597) ;Roever, Leonardo (56641632800) ;Ronfani, Luca (6602565620) ;Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800) ;Rostami, Ali (59144808300) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Ruhago, George Mugambage (50761517500) ;Sabde, Yogesh Damodar (54793337800) ;Sachdev, Perminder S. (7102284091) ;Saddik, Basema (23020079300) ;Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi (56071020000) ;Safari, Hosein (57204236925) ;Safari, Yahya (55700424100) ;Safari-Faramani, Roya (57210821203) ;Safdarian, Mahdi (57203849024) ;Safi, Sare (57219477293) ;Safiri, Saeid (56009654100) ;Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100) ;Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900) ;Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600) ;Sajadi, Haniye Sadat (57190919153) ;Salahshoor, Mohamadreza (55580011800) ;Salam, Nasir (23992664500) ;Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625) ;Salamati, Payman (14045860600) ;Saldanha, Raphael De Freitas (57193063393) ;Saleem, Zikria (56179814800) ;Salimi, Yahya (54421017000) ;Salimzadeh, Hamideh (23052386900) ;Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600) ;Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777) ;Salz, Inbal (57199623777) ;Sambala, Evanson Zondani (36718133800) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan (7006262917) ;Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores (57202569015) ;Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911) ;Santric Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346) ;Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi (57204561719) ;Sardana, Mayank (56992882500) ;Sarker, Abdur Razzaque (55908816200) ;Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo (57204744430) ;Saroshe, Satish (36125578600) ;Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316) ;Sartorius, Benn (12788526800) ;Sarvi, Shahabeddin (56168398100) ;Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500) ;Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691) ;Sawant, Arundhati R. (57204568004) ;Sawhney, Monika (57217153893) ;Saxena, Sonia (57203151746) ;Schaeffner, Elke (6507021741) ;Schelonka, Kathryn (57195377099) ;Schneider, Ione J.C. (57201292772) ;Schwebel, David C. (6603681532) ;Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600) ;Seedat, Soraya (7003445887) ;Sekerija, Mario (30268005400) ;Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000) ;Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826) ;Shabaninejad, Hosein (56047947500) ;Shackelford, Katya Anne (57202959163) ;Shafieesabet, Azadeh (56964338900) ;Shaheen, Amira A. (57202560956) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Shakir, Raad A. (55374140100) ;Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran (57193608415) ;Shamsi, Mohammadbagher (57204557980) ;Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127) ;Sharafi, Heidar (57322506400) ;Sharafi, Kiomars (57194516056) ;Sharif, Mehdi (16022734200) ;Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi (35108018000) ;Sharma, Jayendra (57195329457) ;Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600) ;She, Jun (57209122131) ;Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962) ;Shi, Peilin (57203064901) ;Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900) ;Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000) ;Shiri, Rahman (57200737050) ;Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400) ;Shiue, Ivy (35811219800) ;Shokraneh, Farhad (36146063000) ;Shukla, Sharvari Rahul (55760856000) ;Si, Si (56706979500) ;Siabani, Soraya (25227131300) ;Sibai, Abla Mehio (7005466998) ;Siddiqi, Tariq J. (57193718539) ;Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora (57195363778) ;Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig (56006396200) ;Silpakit, Naris (57202401404) ;Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000) ;Silva, João Pedro (7403023631) ;Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves (57190284103) ;Singam, Narayana Sarma Venkata (57204560563) ;Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736) ;Singh, Narinder Pal (57211864736) ;Singh, Virendra (57191848598) ;Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609) ;Sliwa, Karen (57207223988) ;Soares Filho, Adauto Martins (49961178500) ;Sobaih, Badr Hasan (57202564080) ;Sobhani, Soheila (57193095221) ;Soofi, Moslem (56373891000) ;Soriano, Joan B. (7101973935) ;Soyiri, Ireneous N. (15052406400) ;Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335) ;Starodubov, Vladimir I. (6701820838) ;Steiner, Caitlyn (57205358084) ;Stewart, Leo G. (57204565284) ;Stokes, Mark A. (7102859000) ;Strong, Mark (12783473200) ;Subart, Michelle L. (57194140438) ;Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (58294633600) ;Sulo, Gerhard (16242476100) ;Sunguya, Bruno F. (57209060557) ;Sur, Patrick John (57218360398) ;Sutradhar, Ipsita (57202349742) ;Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396) ;Sylaja, P.N. (12787344300) ;Sylte, Dillon O. (57211183601) ;Szoeke, Cassandra E.I. (6505920990) ;Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102) ;Tabb, Karen M. (51162023700) ;Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar (57207799926) ;Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756) ;Tassew, Aberash Abay (57204559404) ;Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel (57204569108) ;Taveira, Nuno (6602731390) ;Tawye, Nega Yimer (57204567080) ;Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020) ;Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw (57204558037) ;Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin (57204237146) ;Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (56115852000) ;Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman (57211144258) ;Teshale, Manaye Yihune (57204566390) ;Tessema, Belay (20735503600) ;Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu (57193667629) ;Thakur, Jarnail Singh (57204002123) ;Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435) ;Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish (54407369300) ;Thomas, Nihal (7401830494) ;Thomson, Alan J. (57969994200) ;Tilahun, Binyam (57212075730) ;To, Quyen G. (55827789100) ;Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534) ;Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892) ;Torre, Anna E. (57196074351) ;Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel (16242320900) ;Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900) ;Toyoshima, Hideaki (7103228330) ;Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515) ;Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536) ;Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad (35461478100) ;Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565) ;Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907) ;Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442) ;Tsegay, Amanuel (57207624804) ;Tsilimparis, Nikolaos (17435999400) ;Car, Lorainne Tudor (48561867100) ;Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584) ;Ullah, Irfan (56992676600) ;Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075) ;Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100) ;Uzun, Selen Begüm (57200327315) ;Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600) ;Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300) ;Vaidya, Gaurang (55551507300) ;Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577) ;Varavikova, Elena (7801408611) ;Varughese, Santosh (22942817500) ;Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416) ;Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales (57208202014) ;Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100) ;Villafaina, Santos (57195804127) ;Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890) ;Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162) ;Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239) ;Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Vosoughi, Kia (56199294900) ;Vujcic, Isidora S. (55957120100) ;Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw (57200917385) ;Waheed, Yasir (35303643700) ;Walson, Judd L. (57203254111) ;Wang, Yanping (57215440165) ;Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100) ;Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947) ;Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405) ;Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whiteford, Harvey (55906494000) ;Widecka, Justyna (15047205800) ;Widecka, Katarzyna (36761868700) ;Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700) ;Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700) ;Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509) ;Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705) ;Wu, Shouling (57744442000) ;Wyper, Grant M.A. (56503829800) ;Xu, Gelin (57203583113) ;Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144) ;Ye, Pengpeng (57202839295) ;Yentür, Gökalp Kadri (57211728019) ;Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144) ;Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yisma, Engida (55556060700) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428)Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
