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Browsing by Author "Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789)"

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    Publication
    Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
    (2018)
    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
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    Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
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    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
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    Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
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    Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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    Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
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    Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500)
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    Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600)
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    Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300)
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    Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000)
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    Adib, Mina G. (57204560513)
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    Admasie, Amha (56609274200)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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    Agesa, Kareha M. (57204562362)
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    Agrawal, Anurag (35214460700)
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    Agrawal, Sutapa (57202841733)
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    Ahmadi, Alireza (56336080700)
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    Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Ahmed, Sayem (58601030100)
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    Aichour, Amani Nidhal (57195486768)
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    Aichour, Ibtihel (57195485980)
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    Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine (57195488258)
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    Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil (56666938200)
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    Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (25633566800)
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    Akseer, Nadia (57207801968)
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    Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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    Al-Eyadhy, Ayman (24554080400)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Alam, Khurshid (57203681299)
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    Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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    Alebel, Animut (57195961302)
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    Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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    Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700)
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    Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza (36024974700)
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    Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
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    Alkerwi, Ala'a (57197724313)
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    Alla, Francois (6701580827)
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    Allebeck, Peter (7005187575)
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    Alonso, Jordi (7403482329)
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    Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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    Aminde, Leopold N. (56287711300)
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    Amini, Erfan (35073393800)
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    Ammar, Walid (57208159281)
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    Amoako, Yaw Ampem (44960986700)
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    Anber, Nahla Hamed (57202351369)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Androudi, Sofia (6603286512)
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    Animut, Megbaru Debalkie (57204558749)
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    Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282)
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    Ansari, Hossein (56919376000)
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    Ansha, Mustafa Geleto (57195329453)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Anwari, Palwasha (57217465526)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Arnlov, Johan (6602512227)
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    Arora, Amit (36676951800)
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    Arora, Monika (8700408200)
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    Artaman, Al (57217223811)
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    Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052)
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    Asayesh, Hamid (55334322800)
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    Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay (57203306449)
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    Ataro, Zerihun (57204563849)
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    Atique, Suleman (56505419100)
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    Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900)
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    Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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    Avokpaho, Euripide F.G.A. (57209842037)
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    Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700)
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    Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700)
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    Ayele, Yohanes (57195129631)
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    Ayer, Rakesh (56051098100)
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    Azzopardi, Peter S. (56861081000)
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    Babazadeh, Arefeh (57200079032)
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    Bacha, Umar (57200173721)
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    Badali, Hamid (15123728900)
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    Badawi, Alaa (57216776029)
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    Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615)
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    Ballesteros, Katherine E. (57207968050)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Banerjee, Kajori (57193448932)
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    Bannick, Marlena S. (57206834518)
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    Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar (57204568975)
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    Barboza, Miguel A. (56650777100)
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    Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn (57193065514)
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    Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barquera, Simon (6601928375)
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    Barrero, Lope H. (57208560675)
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    Bassat, Quique (23024176000)
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    Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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    Baune, Bernhard T. (6603807336)
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    Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw (57192710748)
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    Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (57205912040)
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    Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200)
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    Beghi, Ettore (7004809655)
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    Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696)
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    Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000)
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    Bejot, Yannick (14038743100)
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    Bekele, Bayu Begashaw (57196083941)
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    Belachew, Abate Bekele (57201657313)
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    Belay, Ezra (56372891800)
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    Belay, Yihalem Abebe (57202972558)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Bello, Aminu K. (12759638700)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Bensenor, Isabela M. (7004830338)
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    Berman, Adam E. (7201959854)
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    Bernabe, Eduardo (57194696150)
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    Bernstein, Robert S. (56971681200)
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    Bertolacci, Gregory J. (57204558417)
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    Beuran, Mircea (25229806700)
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    Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763)
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    Bhalla, Ashish (57202555305)
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    Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200)
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    Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep (55643126300)
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    Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (24342648300)
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    Biadgo, Belete (55672090500)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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    Bilano, Ver (57189663783)
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    Bililign, Nigus (57216264444)
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    Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat (55408904500)
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    Bisanzio, Donal (57196394991)
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    Biswas, Tuhin (59824959000)
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    Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381)
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    Basara, Berrak Bora (23089934500)
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    Borschmann, Rohan (35091024300)
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    Bosetti, Cristina (7005452936)
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    Bozorgmehr, Kayvan (34767823500)
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    Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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    Brant, Luisa C. (40160889400)
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    Brayne, Carol (57210386759)
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    Brazinova, Alexandra (57216996405)
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    Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)
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    Brenner, Hermann (7201832825)
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    Briant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)
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    Britton, Gabrielle (7004997832)
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    Brugha, Traolach (35370057100)
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    Busse, Reinhard (35589070800)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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    Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919)
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    Cano, Jorge (7201865982)
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    Car, Mate (57113377700)
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    Cardenas, Rosario (57216482927)
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    Carreras, Giulia (57221176357)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Carter, Austin (57201756395)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline (57197814657)
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    Castle, Chris D. (57196079840)
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    Castro, Clara (54787333700)
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    Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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    Catala-Lopez, Ferran (57202553733)
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    Cerin, Ester (14522064200)
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    Chaiah, Yazan (57204565480)
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    Chang, Jung-Chen (57202568248)
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    Charlson, Fiona J. (57191632086)
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    Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
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    Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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    Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Chitheer, Abdulaal (57209314488)
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    Chowdhury, Rajiv (57216138475)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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    Cicuttini, Flavia M. (7005887430)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Cohen, Aaron J. (7404780942)
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    Cooper, Leslie Trumbull (15754277900)
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    Cortesi, Paolo Angelo (57200306512)
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    Cortinovis, Monica (57207893885)
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    Cousin, Ewerton (57194620705)
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    Cowie, Benjamin C. (57202566182)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (57212369327)
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    Cromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)
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    Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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    Crump, John A. (57202595111)
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    Cunningham, Matthew (57204558787)
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    Daba, Alemneh Kabeta (57203300408)
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    Dadi, Abel Fekadu (57031690900)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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    Dang, Anh Kim (57195728465)
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    Dargan, Paul I. (57212154356)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    Das, Siddharth K. (55362129800)
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    Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060)
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    Neves, Jose Das (57208073193)
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    Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402)
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    Dash, Aditya Prasad (57205497428)
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    Davis, Adrian C. (7404296836)
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    Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193)
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    Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163)
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    Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
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    De La Hoz, Fernando Pio (23134262800)
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    De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
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    Degefa, Meaza Girma (57204559873)
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    Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
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    Degfie, Tizta T. (57194129130)
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    Deiparine, Selina (57205252200)
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    Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
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    Demtsu, Balem Betsu (57204566544)
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    Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
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    Deribe, Kebede (57193912587)
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    Dervenis, Nikolaos (35368148900)
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    Des Jarlais, Don C. (56990451200)
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    Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866)
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    Dey, Subhojit (25958052600)
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    Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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    Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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    Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese (57201669580)
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    Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
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    Dirac, M. Ashworth (57193092988)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Dokova, Klara (57201523771)
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    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
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    Donnelly, Christl A. (35468127900)
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    Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
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    Doshi, Pratik P. (57202595536)
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    Douwes-Schultz, Dirk (57196081398)
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    Doyle, Kerrie E. (55693710800)
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    Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
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    Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
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    Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600)
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    Duken, Eyasu Ejeta (57204560558)
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    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
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    Duraes, Andre R. (30867558600)
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    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
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    Ebrahimpour, Soheil (57204558416)
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    Edessa, Dumessa (56922334200)
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    Edvardsson, David (35229255500)
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    Eggen, Anne Elise (7007019553)
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    El Bcheraoui, Charbel (25027689700)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000)
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    Elkout, Hajer (36102315300)
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    Ellingsen, Christian Lycke (7801360950)
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    Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
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    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
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    Er, Benjamin (57204568328)
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    Erskine, Holly E. (57202798676)
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    Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
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    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
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    Esmaeili, Reza (57193352042)
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    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Fakhar, Mahdi (24168542800)
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    Fakhim, Hamed (56532027000)
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    Faramarzi, Mahbobeh (8928307700)
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    Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600)
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    Farhadi, Farzaneh (55869726400)
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    Farinha, Carla Sofia Esá (57190279273)
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    Faro, Andre (36770969600)
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    Farvid, Maryam S. (57216534761)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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    Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein (36458335600)
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    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Feigl, Andrea B. (57202461042)
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    Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400)
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    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Fernandes, Joao C. (35274726800)
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    Ferrari, Alize J. (57195348907)
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    Feyissa, Garumma Tolu (55504728900)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Finegold, Samuel (57195558156)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Fitzmaurice, Christina (57212628757)
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    Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)
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    Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
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    Fornari, Carla (15022250200)
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    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
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    Fuller, John E. (57204565664)
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    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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    Furst, Thomas (57208431345)
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    Furtado, Joao M. (36801755000)
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    Futran, Neal D. (35554564000)
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    Gallus, Silvano (7005387365)
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    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
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    Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A. (55930749500)
    ;
    Gardner, William M. (57204566870)
    ;
    Gebre, Abadi Kahsu (59426751000)
    ;
    Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde (57216482917)
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    Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay (57202566187)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Bereket (57191254167)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo (57204566728)
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    Gelano, Tilayie Feto (57200628899)
    ;
    Geleijnse, Johanna M. (35195702500)
    ;
    Genova-Maleras, Ricard (15070563900)
    ;
    Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310)
    ;
    Gething, Peter W. (57193559189)
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    Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611)
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    Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul (57204797800)
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    Ghadimi, Reza (57202290802)
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    Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil (15724975400)
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    Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam (55371171100)
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    Ghimire, Mamata (57190385188)
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    Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104)
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    Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
    ;
    Gill, Tiffany K. (8545441900)
    ;
    Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331)
    ;
    Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390)
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    Giroud, Maurice (7203027541)
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    Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076)
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    Goenka, Shifalika (57217111080)
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    Goldberg, Ellen M. (57191842703)
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    Goli, Srinivas (39761832500)
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    Gomez-Dantes, Hector (57202555692)
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    Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762)
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    Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891)
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    Gorman, Taren M. (57204559340)
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    Goto, Atsushi (57193212299)
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    Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348)
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    Gnedovskaya, Elena V. (56806916500)
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    Grada, Ayman (55797741000)
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    Grosso, Giuseppe (57196998256)
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    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
    ;
    Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena (7102920800)
    ;
    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
    ;
    Gupta, Prakash C. (58767181900)
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    Gupta, Rahul (57204120071)
    ;
    Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
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    Gupta, Tanush (57219956402)
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    Gutierrez, Reyna Alma (57200298415)
    ;
    Gyawali, Bishal (56237046200)
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    Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125)
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    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
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    Hagos, Tekleberhan B. (57204236893)
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    Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa (57202206322)
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    Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263)
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    Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364)
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    Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352)
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    Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526)
    ;
    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398)
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    Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661)
    ;
    Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122)
    ;
    Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (57202524069)
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    Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903)
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    Hasan, Mehedi (57908537100)
    ;
    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
    ;
    Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
    ;
    Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728)
    ;
    Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    He, Yihua (57204561423)
    ;
    Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar (35867288600)
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    Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
    ;
    Heibati, Behzad (55341086000)
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    GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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    Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))
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    Towbin, Jeffrey A. (7102520568)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
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    Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565)
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    Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907)
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    Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442)
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    Tudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100)
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    Tuzcu, E. Murat (7005951350)
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    Tymeson, Hayley D. (57194139009)
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    Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475)
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    Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
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    Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
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    Updike, Rachel L. (57204698680)
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    Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600)
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    Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Van Donkelaar, Aaron (15926418500)
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    Varavikova, Elena (7801408611)
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    Varughese, Santosh (22942817500)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (23096834700)
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    Venkateswaran, Vidhya (59829999400)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Villafaina, Santos (57195804127)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
    Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Olsen, Helen Elizabeth (57203080494)
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    Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682)
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    Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
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    Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162)
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    Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778)
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    Wagner, Gregory R. (57219005948)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wallin, Mitchell Taylor (57201573668)
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    Walson, Judd L. (57203254111)
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    Wang, Yanping (57215440165)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405)
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    Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300)
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    Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398)
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    West, T. Eoin (57756844000)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
    Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Wilson, Shadrach (57204557765)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Wiyeh, Alison B. (57196222987)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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    Woolf, Anthony D. (7102882171)
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    Wu, Shouling (57744442000)
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    Wu, Yun-Chun (56095674500)
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    Wyper, Grant M.A. (56503829800)
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    Xavier, Denis (55403963100)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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    Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896)
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    Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein (26029029100)
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    Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144)
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    Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144)
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    Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yisma, Engida (55556060700)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zare, Zohreh (35436578700)
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    Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860)
    Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2021)
    Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789)
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    Kamath, Aruna M. (57204215390)
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    Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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    Abbas, Jaffar (57217776454)
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    dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano (56373058500)
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    Vaezi, Maryam (55644006900)
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    Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan (57216154072)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Verma, Madhur (57189521090)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
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    Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239)
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    Vo, Bay (35147075900)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Wado, Yohannes Dibaba (55845842100)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wamai, Richard G. (23969762700)
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    Wang, Yanping (57215440165)
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    Wang, Yanzhong (59417336500)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Ward, Paul (7402101951)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)
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    Wilner, Lauren B. (57193699787)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wu, Ai-Min (57203702647)
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    Wu, Chenkai (57188764904)
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    Xie, Yang (57218877069)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Yamagishi, Kazumasa (35231751500)
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    Yandrapalli, Srikanth (56512389300)
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    Yaya, Sanni (55191139800)
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    Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid (56017415700)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousefi, Zabihollah (9743306100)
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    Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh (57039201000)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yusuf, Sifat Shahana (56478251200)
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    Zaidi, Syed Saoud (57218882927)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zamanian, Maryam (57201292465)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhao, Xiu-Ju George (8360350900)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (57202562224)
    Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05–10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27–6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53–4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06–2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71–0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27–1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35–2·58; 37% [95% UI 32–43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    (2024)
    Comfort, Haley (57218875721)
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    McHugh, Theresa A. (58189613000)
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    Schumacher, Austin E. (57209276410)
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    Harris, Ashley (59408873000)
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    May, Erin A. (57219861462)
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    Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789)
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    Gardner, William M. (57204566870)
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    Fuller, John E. (57204565664)
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    Frisch, Meghan E. (57559972500)
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    Taylor, Heather Jean (57204184856)
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    Leever, Andrew T. (57204179781)
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    ElHafeez, Samar Abd (55551273300)
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    Chacón-Uscamaita, Pamela Roxana (57209455044)
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    Iyasu, Assefa N. (57211043683)
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    ;
    Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (57202562224)
    Background: Stillbirth is a devastating and often avoidable adverse pregnancy outcome. Monitoring stillbirth levels and trends—in a comprehensive manner that leaves no one uncounted—is imperative for continuing progress in pregnancy loss reduction. This analysis, completed as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, methodically accounted for different stillbirth definitions with the aim of comprehensively estimating all stillbirths at 20 weeks or longer for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We extracted data on stillbirths from 11 412 sources across 185 of 204 countries and territories, including 234 surveys, 231 published studies, 1633 vital statistics reports, and 10 585 unique location-year combinations from vital registration systems. Our final dataset comprised 11 different definitions, which were adjusted to match two gestational age thresholds: 20 weeks or longer (reference) and 28 weeks or longer (for comparisons). We modelled the ratio of stillbirth rate to neonatal mortality rate with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression for each location and year, and then used final GBD 2021 assessments of fertility and all-cause neonatal mortality to calculate total stillbirths. Secondary analyses evaluated the number of stillbirths missed with the more restrictive gestational age definition, trends in stillbirths as a function of Socio-demographic Index, and progress in reducing stillbirths relative to neonatal deaths. Findings: In 2021, the global stillbirth rate was 23·0 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 19·7–27·2) per 1000 births (stillbirths plus livebirths) at 20 weeks' gestation or longer, compared to 16·1 (13·9–19·0) per 1000 births at 28 weeks' gestation or longer. The global neonatal mortality rate in 2021 was 17·1 (14·8–19·9) per 1000 livebirths, corresponding to 2·19 million (1·90–2·55) neonatal deaths. The estimated number of stillbirths occurring at 20 weeks' gestation or longer decreased from 5·08 million (95% UI 4·07–6·35) in 1990 to 3·04 million (2·61–3·62) in 2021, corresponding to a 39·8% (31·8–48·0) reduction, which lagged behind a global improvement in neonatal deaths of 45·6% (36·3–53·1) for the same period (down from 4·03 million [3·86–4·22] neonatal deaths in 1990). Stillbirths in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa comprised 77·4% (2·35 million of 3·04 million) of the global total, an increase from 60·3% (3·07 million of 5·08 million) in 1990. In 2021, 0·926 million (0·792–1·10) stillbirths, corresponding to 30·5% of the global total (3·04 million), occurred between 20 weeks' gestation and 28 weeks' gestation, with substantial variation at the country level. Interpretation: Despite the gradual global decline in stillbirths between 1990 and 2021, the overall number of stillbirths remains substantially high. Counting all stillbirths is paramount to progress, as nearly a third—close to 1 million in total—are left uncounted at the 28 weeks or longer threshold. Our findings draw attention to the differential progress in reducing stillbirths, with a high burden concentrated in countries with low development status. Scarce data availability and poor data quality constrain our capacity to precisely account for stillbirths in many locations. Addressing inequities in universal maternal health coverage, strengthening the quality of maternal health care, and improving the robustness of data systems are urgently needed to reduce the global burden of stillbirths. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Pakhale, Smita (57220937499)
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    Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra (6603112353)
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    Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai (6701618847)
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    Papantoniou, Nikolaos (35451910100)
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    Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178)
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    Parry, Charles D. H. (7102561312)
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    Parsian, Hadi (55991107900)
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    Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao (56499299400)
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    Paudel, Deepak (57207871851)
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    Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789)
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    Pearce, Neil (56491440700)
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    Peprah, Emmanuel K. (57195257834)
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    Pereira, David M. (57200690024)
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    Perico, Norberto (56481931200)
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    Pervaiz, Aslam (57202521714)
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    Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721)
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    Petri, William A. (7102315371)
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    Petzold, Max (7003628893)
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    Phillips, Michael R. (57202563610)
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    Pigott, David M. (55320335600)
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    Pillay, Julian David (57197803061)
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    Pletcher, Martin (57196075669)
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    Pond, Constance Dimity (7006633763)
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    Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
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    Rajati, Fatemeh (54780507400)
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    Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus (57208577330)
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    Roba, Kedir Teji (57203667432)
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    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Roy, Ambuj (7402704658)
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    Ruhago, George Mugambage (50761517500)
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    Safi, Sare (57219477293)
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    Safiri, Saeid (56009654100)
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    Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100)
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    Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900)
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    Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600)
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    Sajadi, Haniye Sadat (57190919153)
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    Salam, Nasir (23992664500)
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    Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625)
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    Salamati, Payman (14045860600)
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    De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael (57193063393)
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    Salimi, Yahya (54421017000)
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    Salimzadeh, Hamideh (23052386900)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777)
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    Salz, Inbal (57199623777)
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    Sambala, Evanson Zondani (36718133800)
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    Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)
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    Sanabria, Juan (7006262917)
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    Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores (57202569015)
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    Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911)
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    Milicevic, Milena M. Santric (57209748201)
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    Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao (57202052980)
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    Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316)
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    Sarvi, Shahabeddin (56168398100)
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    Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500)
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    Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691)
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    Savic, Miloje (57204524150)
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    Sawant, Arundhati R. (57204568004)
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    Sawhney, Monika (57217153893)
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    Saxena, Sonia (57203151746)
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    Saylan, Mete (56253241700)
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    Sayyah, Mehdi (10540414200)
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    Schaeffner, Elke (6507021741)
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    Schmidt, Maria Inês (7404398885)
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    Schneider, Ione J. C. (57201292772)
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    Schöttker, Ben (37665918200)
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    Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352)
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    Schwebel, David C. (6603681532)
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    Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600)
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    Seedat, Soraya (7003445887)
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    Sekerija, Mario (30268005400)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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    Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)
    Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

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