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Browsing by Author "Nixon, Molly R. (57204562047)"

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    Publication
    Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
    (2018)
    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
    ;
    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
    ;
    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
    ;
    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
    ;
    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
    ;
    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
    ;
    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
    ;
    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
    ;
    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
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    Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
    ;
    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
    ;
    Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
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    Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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    Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
    ;
    Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500)
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    Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600)
    ;
    Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300)
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    Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000)
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    Adib, Mina G. (57204560513)
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    Admasie, Amha (56609274200)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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    Agesa, Kareha M. (57204562362)
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    Agrawal, Anurag (35214460700)
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    Agrawal, Sutapa (57202841733)
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    Ahmadi, Alireza (56336080700)
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    Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Ahmed, Sayem (58601030100)
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    Aichour, Amani Nidhal (57195486768)
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    Aichour, Ibtihel (57195485980)
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    Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine (57195488258)
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    Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil (56666938200)
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    Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (25633566800)
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    Akseer, Nadia (57207801968)
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    Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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    Al-Eyadhy, Ayman (24554080400)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Alam, Khurshid (57203681299)
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    Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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    Alebel, Animut (57195961302)
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    Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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    Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700)
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    Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza (36024974700)
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    Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
    ;
    Alkerwi, Ala'a (57197724313)
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    Alla, Francois (6701580827)
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    Allebeck, Peter (7005187575)
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    Alonso, Jordi (7403482329)
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    Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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    Aminde, Leopold N. (56287711300)
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    Amini, Erfan (35073393800)
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    Ammar, Walid (57208159281)
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    Amoako, Yaw Ampem (44960986700)
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    Anber, Nahla Hamed (57202351369)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Androudi, Sofia (6603286512)
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    Animut, Megbaru Debalkie (57204558749)
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    Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282)
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    Ansari, Hossein (56919376000)
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    Ansha, Mustafa Geleto (57195329453)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Anwari, Palwasha (57217465526)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Arnlov, Johan (6602512227)
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    Arora, Amit (36676951800)
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    Arora, Monika (8700408200)
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    Artaman, Al (57217223811)
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    Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052)
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    Asayesh, Hamid (55334322800)
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    Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay (57203306449)
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    Ataro, Zerihun (57204563849)
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    Atique, Suleman (56505419100)
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    Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900)
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    Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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    Avokpaho, Euripide F.G.A. (57209842037)
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    Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700)
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    Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700)
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    Ayele, Yohanes (57195129631)
    ;
    Ayer, Rakesh (56051098100)
    ;
    Azzopardi, Peter S. (56861081000)
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    Babazadeh, Arefeh (57200079032)
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    Bacha, Umar (57200173721)
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    Badali, Hamid (15123728900)
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    Badawi, Alaa (57216776029)
    ;
    Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615)
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    Ballesteros, Katherine E. (57207968050)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Banerjee, Kajori (57193448932)
    ;
    Bannick, Marlena S. (57206834518)
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    Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar (57204568975)
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    Barboza, Miguel A. (56650777100)
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    Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn (57193065514)
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    Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barquera, Simon (6601928375)
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    Barrero, Lope H. (57208560675)
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    Bassat, Quique (23024176000)
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    Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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    Baune, Bernhard T. (6603807336)
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    Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw (57192710748)
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    Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (57205912040)
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    Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200)
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    Beghi, Ettore (7004809655)
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    Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696)
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    Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000)
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    Bejot, Yannick (14038743100)
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    Bekele, Bayu Begashaw (57196083941)
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    Belachew, Abate Bekele (57201657313)
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    Belay, Ezra (56372891800)
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    Belay, Yihalem Abebe (57202972558)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Bello, Aminu K. (12759638700)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Bensenor, Isabela M. (7004830338)
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    Berman, Adam E. (7201959854)
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    Bernabe, Eduardo (57194696150)
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    Bernstein, Robert S. (56971681200)
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    Bertolacci, Gregory J. (57204558417)
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    Beuran, Mircea (25229806700)
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    Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763)
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    Bhalla, Ashish (57202555305)
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    Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200)
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    Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep (55643126300)
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    Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (24342648300)
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    Biadgo, Belete (55672090500)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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    Bilano, Ver (57189663783)
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    Bililign, Nigus (57216264444)
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    Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat (55408904500)
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    Bisanzio, Donal (57196394991)
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    Biswas, Tuhin (59824959000)
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    Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381)
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    Basara, Berrak Bora (23089934500)
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    Borschmann, Rohan (35091024300)
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    Bosetti, Cristina (7005452936)
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    Bozorgmehr, Kayvan (34767823500)
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    Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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    Brant, Luisa C. (40160889400)
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    Brayne, Carol (57210386759)
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    Brazinova, Alexandra (57216996405)
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    Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)
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    Brenner, Hermann (7201832825)
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    Briant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)
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    Britton, Gabrielle (7004997832)
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    Brugha, Traolach (35370057100)
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    Busse, Reinhard (35589070800)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
    ;
    Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919)
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    Cano, Jorge (7201865982)
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    Car, Mate (57113377700)
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    Cardenas, Rosario (57216482927)
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    Carreras, Giulia (57221176357)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Carter, Austin (57201756395)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline (57197814657)
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    Castle, Chris D. (57196079840)
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    Castro, Clara (54787333700)
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    Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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    Catala-Lopez, Ferran (57202553733)
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    Cerin, Ester (14522064200)
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    Chaiah, Yazan (57204565480)
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    Chang, Jung-Chen (57202568248)
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    Charlson, Fiona J. (57191632086)
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    Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
    ;
    Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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    Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Chitheer, Abdulaal (57209314488)
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    Chowdhury, Rajiv (57216138475)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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    Cicuttini, Flavia M. (7005887430)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Cohen, Aaron J. (7404780942)
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    Cooper, Leslie Trumbull (15754277900)
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    Cortesi, Paolo Angelo (57200306512)
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    Cortinovis, Monica (57207893885)
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    Cousin, Ewerton (57194620705)
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    Cowie, Benjamin C. (57202566182)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (57212369327)
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    Cromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)
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    Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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    Crump, John A. (57202595111)
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    Cunningham, Matthew (57204558787)
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    Daba, Alemneh Kabeta (57203300408)
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    Dadi, Abel Fekadu (57031690900)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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    Dang, Anh Kim (57195728465)
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    Dargan, Paul I. (57212154356)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    Das, Siddharth K. (55362129800)
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    Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060)
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    Neves, Jose Das (57208073193)
    ;
    Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402)
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    Dash, Aditya Prasad (57205497428)
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    Davis, Adrian C. (7404296836)
    ;
    Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193)
    ;
    Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163)
    ;
    Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
    ;
    De La Hoz, Fernando Pio (23134262800)
    ;
    De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
    ;
    Degefa, Meaza Girma (57204559873)
    ;
    Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
    ;
    Degfie, Tizta T. (57194129130)
    ;
    Deiparine, Selina (57205252200)
    ;
    Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
    ;
    Demtsu, Balem Betsu (57204566544)
    ;
    Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
    ;
    Deribe, Kebede (57193912587)
    ;
    Dervenis, Nikolaos (35368148900)
    ;
    Des Jarlais, Don C. (56990451200)
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    Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866)
    ;
    Dey, Subhojit (25958052600)
    ;
    Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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    Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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    Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese (57201669580)
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    Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
    ;
    Dirac, M. Ashworth (57193092988)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Dokova, Klara (57201523771)
    ;
    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
    ;
    Donnelly, Christl A. (35468127900)
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    Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
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    Doshi, Pratik P. (57202595536)
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    Douwes-Schultz, Dirk (57196081398)
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    Doyle, Kerrie E. (55693710800)
    ;
    Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
    ;
    Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
    ;
    Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600)
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    Duken, Eyasu Ejeta (57204560558)
    ;
    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
    ;
    Duraes, Andre R. (30867558600)
    ;
    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
    ;
    Ebrahimpour, Soheil (57204558416)
    ;
    Edessa, Dumessa (56922334200)
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    Edvardsson, David (35229255500)
    ;
    Eggen, Anne Elise (7007019553)
    ;
    El Bcheraoui, Charbel (25027689700)
    ;
    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
    ;
    El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000)
    ;
    Elkout, Hajer (36102315300)
    ;
    Ellingsen, Christian Lycke (7801360950)
    ;
    Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
    ;
    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
    ;
    Er, Benjamin (57204568328)
    ;
    Erskine, Holly E. (57202798676)
    ;
    Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
    ;
    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
    ;
    Esmaeili, Reza (57193352042)
    ;
    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Fakhar, Mahdi (24168542800)
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    Fakhim, Hamed (56532027000)
    ;
    Faramarzi, Mahbobeh (8928307700)
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    Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600)
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    Farhadi, Farzaneh (55869726400)
    ;
    Farinha, Carla Sofia Esá (57190279273)
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    Faro, Andre (36770969600)
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    Farvid, Maryam S. (57216534761)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
    ;
    Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein (36458335600)
    ;
    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
    ;
    Feigl, Andrea B. (57202461042)
    ;
    Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400)
    ;
    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
    ;
    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
    ;
    Fernandes, Joao C. (35274726800)
    ;
    Ferrari, Alize J. (57195348907)
    ;
    Feyissa, Garumma Tolu (55504728900)
    ;
    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
    ;
    Finegold, Samuel (57195558156)
    ;
    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
    ;
    Fitzmaurice, Christina (57212628757)
    ;
    Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)
    ;
    Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
    ;
    Fornari, Carla (15022250200)
    ;
    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
    ;
    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
    ;
    Fuller, John E. (57204565664)
    ;
    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
    ;
    Furst, Thomas (57208431345)
    ;
    Furtado, Joao M. (36801755000)
    ;
    Futran, Neal D. (35554564000)
    ;
    Gallus, Silvano (7005387365)
    ;
    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
    ;
    Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A. (55930749500)
    ;
    Gardner, William M. (57204566870)
    ;
    Gebre, Abadi Kahsu (59426751000)
    ;
    Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde (57216482917)
    ;
    Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay (57202566187)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Bereket (57191254167)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo (57204566728)
    ;
    Gelano, Tilayie Feto (57200628899)
    ;
    Geleijnse, Johanna M. (35195702500)
    ;
    Genova-Maleras, Ricard (15070563900)
    ;
    Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310)
    ;
    Gething, Peter W. (57193559189)
    ;
    Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611)
    ;
    Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul (57204797800)
    ;
    Ghadimi, Reza (57202290802)
    ;
    Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil (15724975400)
    ;
    Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam (55371171100)
    ;
    Ghimire, Mamata (57190385188)
    ;
    Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104)
    ;
    Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
    ;
    Gill, Tiffany K. (8545441900)
    ;
    Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331)
    ;
    Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390)
    ;
    Giroud, Maurice (7203027541)
    ;
    Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076)
    ;
    Goenka, Shifalika (57217111080)
    ;
    Goldberg, Ellen M. (57191842703)
    ;
    Goli, Srinivas (39761832500)
    ;
    Gomez-Dantes, Hector (57202555692)
    ;
    Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762)
    ;
    Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891)
    ;
    Gorman, Taren M. (57204559340)
    ;
    Goto, Atsushi (57193212299)
    ;
    Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348)
    ;
    Gnedovskaya, Elena V. (56806916500)
    ;
    Grada, Ayman (55797741000)
    ;
    Grosso, Giuseppe (57196998256)
    ;
    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
    ;
    Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena (7102920800)
    ;
    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
    ;
    Gupta, Prakash C. (58767181900)
    ;
    Gupta, Rahul (57204120071)
    ;
    Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
    ;
    Gupta, Tanush (57219956402)
    ;
    Gutierrez, Reyna Alma (57200298415)
    ;
    Gyawali, Bishal (56237046200)
    ;
    Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125)
    ;
    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
    ;
    Hagos, Tekleberhan B. (57204236893)
    ;
    Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa (57202206322)
    ;
    Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263)
    ;
    Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364)
    ;
    Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352)
    ;
    Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526)
    ;
    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
    ;
    Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398)
    ;
    Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661)
    ;
    Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122)
    ;
    Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (57202524069)
    ;
    Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903)
    ;
    Hasan, Mehedi (57908537100)
    ;
    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
    ;
    Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
    ;
    Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728)
    ;
    Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200)
    ;
    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
    ;
    He, Yihua (57204561423)
    ;
    Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar (35867288600)
    ;
    Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
    ;
    Heibati, Behzad (55341086000)
    ;
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    GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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    Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))
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    Towbin, Jeffrey A. (7102520568)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
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    Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565)
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    Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907)
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    Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442)
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    Tudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100)
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    Tuzcu, E. Murat (7005951350)
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    Tymeson, Hayley D. (57194139009)
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    Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475)
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    Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
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    Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
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    Updike, Rachel L. (57204698680)
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    Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600)
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    Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Van Donkelaar, Aaron (15926418500)
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    Varavikova, Elena (7801408611)
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    Varughese, Santosh (22942817500)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (23096834700)
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    Venkateswaran, Vidhya (59829999400)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Villafaina, Santos (57195804127)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
    Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Publication
    Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2020)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Moghadam, Telma Zahirian (57201718494)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zamanian, Maryam (57201292465)
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    Zandian, Hamed (57205175627)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhao, Jeff T. (57221069965)
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    Zhao, Xiu-Ju George (8360350900)
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    Zhao, Yingxi (57194059646)
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    Zheng, Peng (57213707656)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Zimsen, Stephanie R. M. (57196078433)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
    Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study
    (2020)
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    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases. © 2020 The Authors
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    Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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    Si, Si (56706979500)
    Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
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    Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
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    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
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    Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
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    Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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    Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
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    Aminde, Leopold N. (56287711300)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
    Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2019)
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    Vosoughi, Kia (56199294900)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Vujcic, Isidora S. (55957120100)
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    Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw (57200917385)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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    Weiss, Jordan (57195982912)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wolfe, Charles D A. (57202754705)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896)
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    Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yatsuya, Hiroshi (6603908304)
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    Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57204849530)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yisma, Engida (55556060700)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300)
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    Zandian, Hamed (57205175627)
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    Zare, Zohreh (35436578700)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Murray, Christopher J L. (55481130700)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
    Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study
    (2019)
    Fitzmaurice, Christina (56120364000)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abbasi, Naghmeh (57217836539)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdel-Rahman, Omar (55777635800)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdoli, Amir (59421084100)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulle, Abdishakur S. M. (6603592018)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
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    Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A. (57209842037)
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    Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche (58786721200)
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    Berfield, Kathleen Kim Sachiko (56543558900)
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    Bernabe, Eduardo (57194696150)
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    Borzi, Antonio M. (57200199389)
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    Bosetti, Cristina (7005452936)
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    Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R. (57193524147)
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    Brewer, Jerry D. (23468386800)
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    Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich (57202792237)
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    Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich (7004344976)
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    Bustamante-Teixeira, Maria Teresa (6506392089)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Carreras, Giulia (57221176357)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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    Cerin, Ester (14522064200)
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    Chaiah, Yazan (57204565480)
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    Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun (57211137540)
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    Chattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500)
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    Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
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    Chauhan, Neelima Singh (57220513472)
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    Chehrazi, Mohammad (54883867500)
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    Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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    Chichiabellu, Tesfaye Yitna (57195759246)
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    Chido-Amajuoyi, Onyema Greg (57204176505)
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    Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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    Choi, Jee-Young J. (57209706428)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300)
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    Constantin, Maria-Magdalena (55560540800)
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    Costa, Vera M. (17134373000)
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    Crocetti, Emanuele (15918874100)
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    Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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    Curado, Maria Paula (6603824212)
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    Dahlawi, Saad M. A. (57189234459)
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    Damiani, Giovanni (57218701806)
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    Darwish, Amira Hamed (57194473558)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    Das Neves, Jose (57208073193)
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    Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen (57204717669)
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    Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh (57207453281)
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    Demissie, Birhanu Wondimeneh (57194497939)
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    Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
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    Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
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    Derakhshani, Afshin (57204468372)
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    Deribe, Kalkidan Solomon (57208736319)
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    Desalegn, Beruk Berhanu (57203503107)
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    Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda (57216324802)
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    Diaz, Daniel (56644152500)
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    Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese Tadese (57201669580)
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    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
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    Drake, Thomas M. (57210092283)
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    Duken, Eyasu Ejeta (57204560558)
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    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
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    Effiong, Andem (57213158150)
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    El Sayed, Iman (7004479194)
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    Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed (57203666922)
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    El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I. (34869528300)
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    Ellenbogen, Richard G. (7007098380)
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    Murray, Christopher J. L. (55481130700)
    Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study
    (2019)
    Fitzmaurice, Christina (56120364000)
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    Murray, Christopher J. L. (55481130700)
    Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wang, Yafeng (57208674780)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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    Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405)
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    Weiss, Daniel J. (8609275600)
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    Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300)
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    Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    West, T. Eoin (57756844000)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
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    Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700)
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    Williams, Hywel C. (23500447000)
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    Wilner, Lauren B. (57193699787)
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    Wilson, Shadrach (57204557765)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Wiyeh, Alison B. (57196222987)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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    Woolf, Anthony D. (7102882171)
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    Wyper, Grant M.A. (56503829800)
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    Xavier, Denis (55403963100)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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    Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein (26029029100)
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    Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144)
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    Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144)
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    Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yisma, Engida (55556060700)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300)
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    Zandian, Hamed (57205175627)
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    Zar, Heather J. (7006236599)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Zucker, Inbar (47461733200)
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    Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017
    (2019)
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    Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh Bizuneh (57207453281)
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    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
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    Ginindza, Themba T.G. (24468039800)
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    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
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    Guimarães, Rafael Alves (56534712800)
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    Haile, Michael Tamene (57204564050)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package - a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce agesex- specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact. © 2019 The Author(s).
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    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017
    (2019)
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    Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey (57204566273)
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    Tlaye, Kenean Getaneh (57205240663)
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    Topp, Stephanie M. (57226202226)
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    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
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    Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
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    Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Veisani, Yousef (55370882600)
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    Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162)
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    Wada, Fiseha Wadilo (57194049305)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107)
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    Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay T. (57211811032)
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    Wolde, Haileab Fekadu (57199530258)
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    Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu (57207771936)
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    Wonde, Tewodros Eshete (57207759070)
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    Wondmagegn, Berhanu Yazew (55102740300)
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    Yeshanew, Addisu Gize (57202995662)
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    Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu (57212019529)
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    Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57204849530)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Youm, Yoosik (7005933825)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zarghi, Afshin (7003559162)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zewale, Taye Abuhay (57209219258)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package - a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce agesex- specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact. © 2019 The Author(s).
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    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    James, Spencer L. (57202557998)
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    Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    West, T. Eoin (57756844000)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
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    Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700)
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    Wilner, Lauren B. (57193699787)
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    Wilson, Shadrach (57204557765)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Wiyeh, Alison B. (57196222987)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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    Woolf, Anthony D. (7102882171)
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    Wu, Shouling (57744442000)
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    Wu, Yun-Chun (56095674500)
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    Wyper, Grant M.A. (56503829800)
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    Xavier, Denis (55403963100)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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    Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896)
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    Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein (26029029100)
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    Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144)
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    Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144)
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    Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yisma, Engida (55556060700)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zare, Zohreh (35436578700)
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    Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860)
    Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2021)
    Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789)
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    Kamath, Aruna M. (57204215390)
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    Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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    Abbas, Jaffar (57217776454)
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    dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano (56373058500)
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    Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David (57204448015)
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    Unim, Brigid (37862108700)
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    Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100)
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    Upadhyay, Era (6505961711)
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    Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075)
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    Vacante, Marco (23037085900)
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    Vaezi, Maryam (55644006900)
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    Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan (57216154072)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Verma, Madhur (57189521090)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
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    Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239)
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    Vo, Bay (35147075900)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Wado, Yohannes Dibaba (55845842100)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wamai, Richard G. (23969762700)
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    Wang, Yanping (57215440165)
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    Wang, Yanzhong (59417336500)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Ward, Paul (7402101951)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)
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    Wilner, Lauren B. (57193699787)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wu, Ai-Min (57203702647)
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    Wu, Chenkai (57188764904)
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    Xie, Yang (57218877069)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Yamagishi, Kazumasa (35231751500)
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    Yandrapalli, Srikanth (56512389300)
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    Yaya, Sanni (55191139800)
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    Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid (56017415700)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousefi, Zabihollah (9743306100)
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    Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh (57039201000)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yusuf, Sifat Shahana (56478251200)
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    Zaidi, Syed Saoud (57218882927)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zamanian, Maryam (57201292465)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhao, Xiu-Ju George (8360350900)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (57202562224)
    Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05–10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27–6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53–4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06–2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71–0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27–1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35–2·58; 37% [95% UI 32–43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2022)
    Ledesma, Jorge R. (57204449040)
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    Ma, Jianing (58040920000)
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    Vongpradith, Avina (57216661011)
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    Novotney, Amanda (57224408265)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Legrand, Kate E. (57216789066)
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    Ross, Jennifer M. (56895463600)
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    Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth (56398498300)
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    Bhattacharjee, Natalia V. (57203791372)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Claassens, Mareli M. (36639190400)
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    Dai, Xiaochen (57221591169)
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    Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz (55341296000)
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    Darwesh, Aso Mohammad (57199749880)
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    Dhamnetiya, Deepak (56884613200)
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    Diaz, Daniel (56644152500)
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    Eftekharzadeh, Sahar (57192113055)
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    Elhadi, Muhammed (57212082248)
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    Emami, Amir (55221730800)
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    Enany, Shymaa (23972375400)
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    Faraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)
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    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro (57201549628)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300)
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    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
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    Garcia-Calavaro, Christian (57221252883)
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    Garg, Tushar (57681919400)
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    Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle (57204583027)
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    Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020)
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    Goodridge, Amador (55801980200)
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    Gupta, Vivek Kumar (35073936800)
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    Haider, Mohammad Rifat (56660365700)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Hanif, Asif (55360052800)
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    Haque, Shaful (35793732800)
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    Harapan, Harapan (55844857500)
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    Hargono, Arief (57208225627)
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    Hasaballah, Ahmed I. (56002305300)
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    Hassan, Shoaib (57216236959)
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    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
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    Hayat, Khezar (57219918947)
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    Holla, Ramesh (55270371800)
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    Hostiuc, Mihaela (51763789200)
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    Househ, Mowafa (8667908000)
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    Hussain, Rabia (7103224786)
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    Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408)
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    Ilic, Irena M. (57210823522)
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    Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900)
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    Itumalla, Ramaiah (57212472658)
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    Jacobsen, Kathryn H. (26029163100)
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    Jain, Vardhmaan (57208149266)
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    Javanmardi, Fatemeh (57210737191)
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    Jayaram, Shubha (57221589240)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953)
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    Joseph, Nitin (35292547200)
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    Joukar, Farahnaz (26024213000)
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    Kamath, Ashwin (35724313100)
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    Kandel, Himal (57226834655)
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    Katoto, Patrick D.M.C. (57202776078)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Kendrick, Parkes J. (57217087655)
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    Kerbo, Amene Abebe (57195329387)
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    Khajuria, Himanshu (56639982500)
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    Khalilov, Rovshan (57193308858)
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    Khatab, Khaled (27267685100)
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    Khoja, Abdullah T. (57194229795)
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    Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011)
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    Kim, Min Seo (57203591936)
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    Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375)
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    Kisa, Adnan (6603346067)
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    Kisa, Sezer (14030019900)
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    Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192)
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    Koul, Parvaiz A. (14022262900)
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    Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane (57196152832)
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    Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912)
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    Krishan, Kewal (57202279708)
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    Bicer, Burcu Kucuk (57204528360)
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    Kumar, Avinash (57210155926)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Kumar, Narinder (8215803600)
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    Kumar, Nithin (36678889900)
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    Kwarteng, Alexander (54079844900)
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    Lak, Hassan Mehmood (57211620211)
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    Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984)
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    Landires, Iván (15063040000)
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    Lasrado, Savita (36632480900)
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    Lee, Shaun Wen Huey (35201185800)
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    Lee, Wei-Chen (57394248700)
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    Lin, Christine (57219861546)
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    Liu, Xuefeng (37050047900)
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    Lopukhov, Platon D. (57191340780)
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    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava (56951087800)
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    Moore, Catrin E. (57195934063)
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    Kandel, Sandhya Neupane (57222966618)
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    Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade (55356642300)
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    Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh (57222966726)
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    Pattanshetty, Sanjay M. (35339480100)
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    Paul, Pintu (57203950427)
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    Silva, João Pedro (57204703526)
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    Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)
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    Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth (57218543838)
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    Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)
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    Steiropoulos, Paschalis (55965229900)
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    Sufyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (57203947220)
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    Tabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400)
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    Tadesse, Eyayou Girma (57221591705)
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    Tamir, Zemenu (57189602203)
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    Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang (55351474900)
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    Tekalegn, Yohannes (57201033519)
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    Tesfay, Fisaha Haile (57203977293)
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    Tessema, Belay (20735503600)
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    Thapar, Rekha (36337431900)
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    Tleyjeh, Imad I. (8525790600)
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    Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan (57209276611)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tsegaye, Berhan (57204784042)
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    Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie (57216732977)
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    Ullah, Anayat (57215320706)
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    Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David (57204448015)
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    Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan (57216154072)
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    Vo, Bay (35147075900)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Walters, Magdalene K. (58375486400)
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    Whisnant, Joanna L. (57204171508)
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    Woldekidan, Mesfn Agachew (57737088300)
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    Wubishet, Befkadu Legesse (57200671454)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie (57207254034)
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    Yeshaw, Yigizie (57197818606)
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    Yi, Siyan (16837551600)
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    Yigit, Vahit (57222328239)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yunusa, Ismaeel (57202137670)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zumla, Alimuddin (7006170723)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J. L. (57224556036)
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    Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073)
    Background: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08–1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45–9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000–279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1·15 million (1·01–1·32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000–425 000) more deaths and 1·01 million (0·82–1·23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820–11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300–100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1·5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4·27 (3·69–5·02), 6·17 (5·48–7·02), and 1·17 (1·07–1·28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2·23 (2·03–2·44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1·06 (1·05–1·08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation: As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019
    (2021)
    Jahagirdar, Deepa (57213764835)
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    Walters, Magdalene K. (58375486400)
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    Novotney, Amanda (57224408265)
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    Brewer, Edmond D. (57274988200)
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    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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    Carter, Austin (57201756395)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abhilash, E.S. (57226827662)
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    Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (24586714800)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo (35223041800)
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    Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah (57211604149)
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    Afzal, Saira (7004381116)
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    Aghababaei, Soodabeh (57191370945)
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    Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (57194684030)
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    Ahmad, Sajjad (57218961022)
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    Ahmadi, Keivan (59396073300)
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    Ahmadi, Sepideh (58189812000)
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    Ahmadpour, Ehsan (55067754700)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Rashid, Tarik Ahmed (57023479100)
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    Salih, Yusra Ahmed (57407078800)
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    Aklilu, Addis (56450972500)
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    Akram, Tayyaba (57208951047)
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    Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet (57214884531)
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    Al Hamad, Hanadi (56955516200)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour (57213607595)
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    Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. (56118343000)
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    Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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    Ali, Liaqat (55646005400)
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    Almustanyir, Sami (57217589155)
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    Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena (57194076624)
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    Amu, Hubert (57190183918)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Andrei, Tudorel (24179349400)
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    Anvari, Davood (57201259536)
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    Arabloo, Jalal (57208760927)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Arulappan, Judie (57224210161)
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    Atnafu, Desta Debalkie (57203502301)
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    Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala (55598298700)
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    Ayza, Muluken Altaye (57216492115)
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    Azari, Samad (56396696500)
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    Darshan, B.B. (36602364600)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barra, Fabio (57201953956)
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    Barrow, Amadou (57217061576)
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    Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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    Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (57205912040)
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    Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana (57193909190)
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    Berheto, Tezera Moshago (56382955400)
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    Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint (55932461200)
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    Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint (57209397638)
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    Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth (56398498300)
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    Bhardwaj, Nikha (57221591832)
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    Bhardwaj, Pankaj (57226841442)
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    Bhattacharyya, Krittika (57204647266)
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    Bibi, Sadia (57524553300)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bisignano, Catherine (57211140934)
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    Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi (57218336464)
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    Boloor, Archith (36192710300)
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    Boltaev, Azizbek A. (55796633100)
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    Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich (7004344976)
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    Buonsenso, Danilo (36607486700)
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    Burkart, Katrin (29067507300)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Cao, Chao (57205476718)
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    Charan, Jaykaran (9251091600)
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    Chatterjee, Souranshu (57222291601)
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    Chattu, Soosanna Kumary (57209796729)
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    Chattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500)
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    Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan (55760057300)
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    Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300)
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    Couto, Rosa A.S. (56132363700)
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    Cowden, Richard G. (56463772700)
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    Dachew, Berihun Assefa (56289825700)
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    Dadras, Omid (57205721978)
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    Dagnew, Amare Belachew (57194785365)
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    Dahlawi, Saad M.A. (57189234459)
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    Dai, Xiaochen (57221591169)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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    das Neves, José (57208073193)
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    Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
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    Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen (57204717669)
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    Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu (57224144903)
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    Deuba, Keshab (55619379400)
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    Dhamnetiya, Deepak (56884613200)
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    Dhungana, Govinda Prasad (24066372700)
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    Dianatinasab, Mostafa (57281638900)
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    Diaz, Daniel (56644152500)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Doan, Linh Phuong (57210071311)
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    Dorostkar, Fariba (57214882995)
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    Edinur, Hisham Atan (57287676500)
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    Effiong, Andem (57213158150)
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    Eftekharzadeh, Sahar (57192113055)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    Elayedath, Rajesh (56226366100)
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    Elhadi, Muhammed (57212082248)
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    El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I. (34869528300)
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    El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000)
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    Elsharkawy, Aisha (55683285000)
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    Endalamaw, Aklilu (57202040629)
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    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
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    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
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    Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude (57203432749)
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    Ezzikouri, Sayeh (16836144700)
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    Farahmand, Mohammad (57147377700)
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    Faraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)
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    Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara (57224144667)
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    Ferrero, Simone (57190137236)
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    Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro (57201549628)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin (56725310700)
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    Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300)
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    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
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    Gad, Mohamed M. (57203749611)
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    Gadanya, Muktar A. (25957587400)
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    Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji (25031248900)
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    Garg, Tushar (57681919400)
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    Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye (57225049499)
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    Gebreyohannes, Eyob Alemayehu (57192104040)
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    Gesesew, Hailay Abrha (56412148300)
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    Obsa, Abera Getachew (57221609252)
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    Ghadiri, Keyghobad (55409170000)
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    Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020)
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    Gilani, Syed Amir (37008269900)
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    Ginindza, Themba G. (24468039800)
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    Glăvan, Ionela-Roxana (57094897500)
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    Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna (57208983629)
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    Golechha, Mahaveer (36006347600)
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    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
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    Gupta, Bhawna (56763353100)
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    Gupta, Sapna (57217857409)
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    Gupta, Veer Bala (57194978364)
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    Gupta, Vivek Kumar (35073936800)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Handanagic, Senad (55803954400)
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    Haque, Shafiul (35793732800)
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    Harapan, Harapan (55844857500)
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    Hargono, Arief (57208225627)
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    Hasaballah, Ahmed I. (56002305300)
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    Hashi, Abdiwahab (57193562090)
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    Hassan, Shoaib (57216236959)
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    Hassanipour, Soheil (57191513993)
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    Hayat, Khezar (57219918947)
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    Heredia-Pi, Ileana (36941085200)
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    Hezam, Kamal (57199187791)
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    Holla, Ramesh (55270371800)
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    Hoogar, Praveen (57204240256)
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    Hoque, Mohammad Enamul (55337968200)
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    Hosseini, Mostafa (57204569481)
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    Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)
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    Hsairi, Mohamed (57209033943)
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    Hussain, Rabia (7103224786)
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    Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408)
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    Idrisov, Bulat (57208773503)
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    Ikuta, Kevin S. (57211541916)
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    Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)
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    Ilic, Irena M. (57210823522)
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    Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Islam, M. Mofizul (55468827000)
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    Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900)
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    Itumalla, Ramaiah (57212472658)
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    Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi (57219860603)
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    Jabbarinejad, Roxana (57221933043)
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    Jain, Vardhmaan (57208149266)
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    Jayawardena, Ranil (55010295200)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Joseph, Nitin (35292547200)
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    Kabir, Ali (23050698400)
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    Kabir, Zubair (57207901718)
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    Kalhor, Rohollah (55670548600)
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    Kaliyadan, Feroze (16836323500)
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    Kamath, Ashwin (35724313100)
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    Kanchan, Tanuj (35237157900)
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    Kandel, Himal (57226834655)
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    Kassahun, Getinet (57210807075)
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    Katoto, Patrick D.M.C. (57202776078)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Kebede, Ermiyas Mulu (57202239023)
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    Kebede, Hafte Kahsay (57193529140)
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    Khajuria, Himanshu (56639982500)
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    Khalid, Nauman (57204561542)
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    Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274)
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    Khan, Gulfaraz (6701635515)
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    Khatab, Khaled (27267685100)
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    Kim, Min Seo (57203591936)
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    Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375)
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    Kisa, Adnan (6603346067)
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    Kisa, Sezer (14030019900)
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    Kochhar, Sonali (57214107714)
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    Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich (57203303920)
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    Koul, Parvaiz A. (14022262900)
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    Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane (57196152832)
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    Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912)
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    Krishan, Kewal (57202279708)
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    Defo, Barthelemy Kuate (6602271655)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Kumar, Manasi (21739940700)
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    Kumar, Nithin (36678889900)
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    Kwarteng, Alexander (54079844900)
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    Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984)
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    Landires, Iván (15063040000)
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    Lasrado, Savita (36632480900)
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    Lassi, Zohra S. (35769584500)
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    Lazarus, Jeffrey V. (55431519100)
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    Lee, Jane Jean-Hee (41261785200)
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    Lee, Yeong Yeh (56191149300)
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    LeGrand, Kate E. (57216789066)
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    Lin, Christine (57219861546)
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    Liu, Xuefeng (37050047900)
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    Maddison, Emilie R. (57196084094)
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    El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd (57195948755)
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    Mahasha, Phetole Walter (28767805500)
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    Majeed, Azeem (7102027801)
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    Makki, Alaa (57224607101)
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    Malik, Ahmad Azam (57198682313)
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    Manamo, Wondimu Ayele (57191836792)
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    Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600)
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    Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807)
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    Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra (55769011500)
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    Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350)
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    Menezes, Ritesh G. (55517099900)
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    Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku (57216203521)
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    Merie, Hayimro Edemealem (57213592319)
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    Mersha, Amanual Getnet (57194940075)
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    Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107)
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    Meylakhs, Peter (34978898900)
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    Mheidly, Nour (57218599115)
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    Miller, Ted R. (7403948600)
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    Mirica, Andreea (57188983765)
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    Moazen, Babak (57204324006)
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    Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710)
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    Mohammadi, Mokhtar (57188972365)
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    Mohammed, Arif (57197416979)
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    Mohammed, Salahuddin (57567912700)
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    Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000)
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    Moitra, Modhurima (57191962343)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Molokhia, Mariam (7004121920)
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    Moni, Mohammad Ali (35119094400)
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    Moradi, Ghobad (48161434000)
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    Moradi, Yousef (55338348700)
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    Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine (56148346600)
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    Mubarik, Sumaira (57202290474)
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    Munro, Sandra B. (7004622934)
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    Mwanri, Lillian (6603154148)
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    Nachega, Jean B. (6701544088)
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    Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074)
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    Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod (26530691100)
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    Naveed, Muhammad (58953995300)
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    Nayak, Biswa Prakash (56639942500)
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    Nduaguba, Sabina O. (57192167101)
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    Kandel, Sandhya Neupane (57222966618)
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    Nguefack-Tsague, Georges (55198921200)
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    Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200)
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    Nixon, Molly R. (57204562047)
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    Nnaji, Chukwudi A. (57204873792)
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    Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000)
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    Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000)
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    Nyirenda, Thomas Elliot (6603775882)
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    Oghenetega, Onome Bright (57216588908)
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    Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)
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    Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun (55251697700)
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    Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi (57219110616)
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    Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244)
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    Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300)
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    Pakhale, Smita (57220937499)
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    Parekh, Tarang (57205447202)
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    Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh (57222966726)
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    Pawar, Shrikant (58594958600)
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    Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino (57216890866)
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    Peprah, Emmanuel K. (57195257834)
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    Pinheiro, Marina (54397531500)
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    Pokhrel, Khem Narayan (57189445377)
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    Polibin, Roman V. (36721857100)
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    Pollok, Richard Charles G. (6603865038)
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    Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
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    Ram, Pradhum (55961669800)
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    Ranasinghe, Priyanga (6602322079)
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    Rao, Chythra R. (35771430100)
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    Rao, Sowmya J. (57195423591)
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    Rathi, Priya (57216633909)
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    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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    Rezaei, Nima (57216077273)
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    Rezahosseini, Omid (57194737361)
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    Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300)
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    Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300)
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    Ripon, Rezaul Karim (57219948722)
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    Rodrigues, Voilet (57222324984)
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    Roshchin, Denis O. (57194175724)
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    Rwegerera, Godfrey M. (56033523400)
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    Saeed, Umar (36612315100)
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    Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi (56071020000)
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    Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100)
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    Saif-Ur-Rahman, K.M. (55990659300)
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    Salem, Marwa Rashad (57194137372)
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    Samaei, Mehrnoosh (57225273791)
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    Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
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    Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352)
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    Seylani, Allen (57222325334)
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    Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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    Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso (57205107107)
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    Shamshad, Hina (24722237000)
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    Shannawaz, Mohammed (56349680200)
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    Shetty, Adithi (57315189400)
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    Shin, Jae Il (57964880100)
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    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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    Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)
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    Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)
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    Somayaji, Ranjani (6507727557)
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    Soshnikov, Sergey (57195195606)
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    Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth (57218543838)
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    Stein, Dan J. (55769747595)
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    Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (58294633600)
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    Tadbiri, Hooman (57138410000)
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    Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun (56811144600)
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    Tadesse, Eyayou Girma (57221591705)
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    Tamiru, Animut Tagele (57218877788)
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    Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang (55351474900)
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    Taveira, Nuno (6602731390)
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    Tekalegn, Yohannes (57201033519)
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    Tesfay, Fisaha Haile (57203977293)
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    Tessema, Gizachew Assefa (57196316304)
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    Thapar, Rekha (36337431900)
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    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tsai, Alexander C. (35362700200)
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    Ullah, Saif (57219395828)
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    Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David (57204448015)
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    Villafañe, Jorge Hugo (57197861057)
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    Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zumla, Alimuddin (7006170723)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Eaton, Jeffrey W. (58553535300)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura (50461317900)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Kyu, Hmwe H. (57217040073)
    Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019
    (2021)
    Jahagirdar, Deepa (57213764835)
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    Walters, Magdalene K. (59790192000)
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    Novotney, Amanda (57224408265)
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    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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    Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo (35223041800)
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    Mheidly, Nour (57218599115)
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    Miller, Ted R. (7403948600)
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    Moazen, Babak (57204324006)
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    Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710)
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    Mohammed, Arif (57197416979)
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    Mohammed, Salahuddin (57567912700)
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    Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000)
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    Moitra, Modhurima (57191962343)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Molokhia, Mariam (7004121920)
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    Moni, Mohammad Ali (35119094400)
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    Moradi, Ghobad (48161434000)
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    Moradi, Yousef (55338348700)
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    Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine (56148346600)
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    Mubarik, Sumaira (57202290474)
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    Munro, Sandra B. (7004622934)
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    Mwanri, Lillian (6603154148)
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    Nachega, Jean B. (6701544088)
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    Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074)
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    Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod (26530691100)
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    Naveed, Muhammad (58953995300)
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    Nayak, Biswa Prakash (56639942500)
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    Nduaguba, Sabina O. (57192167101)
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    Kandel, Sandhya Neupane (57222966618)
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    Nguefack-Tsague, Georges (55198921200)
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    Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200)
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    Nixon, Molly R. (57204562047)
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    Nnaji, Chukwudi A. (57204873792)
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    Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000)
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    Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000)
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    Nyirenda, Thomas Elliot (6603775882)
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    Oghenetega, Onome Bright (57216588908)
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    Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)
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    Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun (55251697700)
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    Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi (57219110616)
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    Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244)
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    Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300)
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    Pakhale, Smita (57220937499)
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    Parekh, Tarang (57205447202)
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    Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh (57222966726)
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    Pawar, Shrikant (58594958600)
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    Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino (57216890866)
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    Peprah, Emmanuel K. (57195257834)
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    Pinheiro, Marina (54397531500)
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    Pokhrel, Khem Narayan (57189445377)
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    Polibin, Roman V. (36721857100)
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    Pollok, Richard Charles G. (6603865038)
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    Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
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    Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi (36337182700)
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    Radfar, Amir (57194428768)
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    Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal (7103113006)
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    Rahim, Fakher (23052247800)
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    Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446)
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    Rahimzadeh, Shadi (48061460300)
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    Rahman, Mosiur (55457953000)
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    Rahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)
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    Ram, Pradhum (55961669800)
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    Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500)
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    Ranasinghe, Priyanga (6602322079)
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    Rao, Chythra R. (35771430100)
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    Rao, Sowmya J. (57195423591)
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    Rathi, Priya (57216633909)
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    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Regassa, Lemma Demissie (57208704471)
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    ur Rehman, Inayat (57201810654)
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    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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    Rezaei, Nima (57216077273)
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    Rezahosseini, Omid (57194737361)
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    Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300)
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    Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300)
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    Ripon, Rezaul Karim (57219948722)
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    Rodrigues, Voilet (57222324984)
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    Roshchin, Denis O. (57194175724)
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    Rwegerera, Godfrey M. (56033523400)
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    Saeed, Umar (36612315100)
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    Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi (56071020000)
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    Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
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    Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352)
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    Seylani, Allen (57222325334)
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    Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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    Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso (57205107107)
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    Shamshad, Hina (24722237000)
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    Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127)
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    Shannawaz, Mohammed (56349680200)
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    Shetty, Adithi (57315189400)
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    Shin, Jae Il (57964880100)
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    Shivakumar, K.M. (57221603938)
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    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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    Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)
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    Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)
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    Somayaji, Ranjani (6507727557)
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    Soshnikov, Sergey (57195195606)
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    Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth (57218543838)
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    Stein, Dan J. (55769747595)
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    Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (58294633600)
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    Tadbiri, Hooman (57138410000)
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    Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun (56811144600)
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    Tadesse, Eyayou Girma (57221591705)
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    Tamiru, Animut Tagele (57218877788)
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    Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang (55351474900)
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    Taveira, Nuno (6602731390)
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    Tekalegn, Yohannes (57201033519)
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    Tesfay, Fisaha Haile (57203977293)
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    Tessema, Gizachew Assefa (57196316304)
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    Thapar, Rekha (36337431900)
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    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
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    Traini, Eugenio (57211137081)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tsai, Alexander C. (35362700200)
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    Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno (57216200356)
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    Ullah, Saif (57219395828)
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    Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David (57204448015)
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    Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100)
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    Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan (57216154072)
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    Villafañe, Jorge Hugo (57197861057)
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    Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162)
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    Vo, Bay (35147075900)
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    Vongpradith, Avina (57216661011)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
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    Wamai, Richard G. (23969762700)
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    Wang, Guan (55503825500)
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    Wang, Yanzhong (59417336500)
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    Ward, Paul (7402101951)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Yadav, Lalit (57211483937)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Yazie, Taklo Simeneh (57207254034)
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    Yi, Siyan (16837551600)
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    Yiğit, Vahit (57222328239)
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    Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale (57219148502)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yunusa, Ismaeel (57202137670)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zumla, Alimuddin (7006170723)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Eaton, Jeffrey W. (58553535300)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura (50461317900)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Kyu, Hmwe H. (57217040073)
    Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2021)
    Haile, Lydia M. (57219861536)
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    Kamenov, Kaloyan (56242269700)
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    Briant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)
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    Orji, Aislyn U. (57214664166)
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    Steinmetz, Jaimie D. (57221591053)
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    Abdollahi, Mohammad (57940559800)
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    Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (24586714800)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Ahmed, Haroon (57222316680)
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    Rashid, Tarik Ahmed (57023479100)
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    Akalu, Yonas (57211048375)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour (57213607595)
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    Alanzi, Turki M. (55978240000)
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    Al Hamad, Hanadi (56955516200)
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    Ali, Liaqat (55646005400)
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    Alipour, Vahid (56436629300)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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    Amu, Hubert (57190183918)
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    Arabloo, Jalal (57208760927)
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    Arulappan, Judie (57224210161)
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    Ashbaugh, Charlie (57218878439)
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    Atnafu, Desta Debalkie (57203502301)
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    Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din (57222325633)
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    Baig, Atif Amin (49460999600)
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    Banik, Palash Chandra (57193523050)
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    Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barrow, Amadou (57217061576)
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    Bender, Rose G. (57219860604)
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    Burkart, Katrin (29067507300)
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    Cederroth, Christopher R. (9242388300)
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    Charan, Jaykaran (9251091600)
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    Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan (55760057300)
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    Dagnew, Baye (57208599718)
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    Dahlawi, Saad M.A. (57189234459)
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    Dai, Xiaochen (57221591169)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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    Desalew, Assefa (57203766919)
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    Dhamnetiya, Deepak (56884613200)
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    Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane (57201374139)
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    Dhimal, Meghnath (54941157300)
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    Doyle, Kerrie E. (55693710800)
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    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
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    Ekholuenetale, Michael (57189344745)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Franklin, Richard Charles (7201428429)
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    Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji (25031248900)
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    Gallus, Silvano (7005387365)
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    Golechha, Mahaveer (36006347600)
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    Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia (55958854600)
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    Gupta, Veer Bala (57194978364)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Hammond, Billy Randall (57527028300)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Hayat, Khezar (57219918947)
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    Hoffman, Howard J. (7201677665)
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    Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury (56521405300)
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    Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)
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    Househ, Mowafa (8667908000)
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    Hussain, Rabia (7103224786)
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    Hwang, Bing-Fang (7201453928)
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    Iavicoli, Ivo (6603685479)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100)
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    Iwagami, Masao (54381883100)
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    Jacob, Louis (56779678900)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953)
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    Kalhor, Rohollah (55670548600)
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    Al-Salihi, Nawzad Kameran (24576701300)
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    Kandel, Himal (57226834655)
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    Kasa, Ayele Semachew (57203538861)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Khalilov, Rovshan (57193308858)
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    Khan, Ejaz Ahmad (57218791274)
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    Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192)
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    Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Landires, Ivan (15063040000)
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    Lasrado, Savita (36632480900)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Liu, Xuefeng (37050047900)
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    Lobo, Stany W. (58359238600)
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    Makki, Alaa (57224607101)
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    Mendoza, Walter (57216905642)
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    Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu (57214781514)
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    Miller, Ted R. (7403948600)
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    Misra, Sanjeev (35501005200)
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    Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman (57222325445)
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    Mohammadi, Mokhtar (57188972365)
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    Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah (55602206500)
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    Mohammed, Arif (57197416979)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Moni, Mohammad Ali (35119094400)
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    Kandel, Sandhya Neupane (57222966618)
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    Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi (57226837406)
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    Nixon, Molly R. (57204562047)
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    Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000)
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    Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000)
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    Oancea, Bogdan (26658614800)
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    Oguoma, Victor Maduabuchi (57219541063)
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    Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)
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    Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682)
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    Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860)
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    Orru, Hans (14621909500)
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    Owolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892)
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    Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (58295062300)
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    Pakshir, Keyvan (15838075900)
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    Pardhan, Shahina (7003706887)
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    Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh (57222966726)
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    Pasovic, Maja (57204523203)
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    Pawar, Shrikant (58594958600)
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    Pham, Hai Quang (57217078995)
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    Pinheiro, Marina (54397531500)
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    Pourshams, Akram (6507521541)
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    Rabiee, Navid (57201008317)
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    Rabiee, Mohammad (24587922100)
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    Radfar, Amir (57194428768)
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    Rahim, Fakher (23052247800)
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    Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446)
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    Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz (57202017378)
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    Rahman, Mosiur (55457953000)
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    Rahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)
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    Rana, Juwel (57191591600)
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    Rao, Chythra R. (35771430100)
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    Rao, Sowmya J. (57195423591)
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    Rashedi, Vahid (55775014100)
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    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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    Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300)
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    Ripon, Rezaul Karim (57219948722)
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    Rodrigues, Voilet (57222324984)
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    Rustagi, Neeti (36698891200)
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    Saeed, Umar (36612315100)
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    Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900)
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    Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)
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    Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
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    Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500)
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    Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691)
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    Sawhney, Monika (57217153893)
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    Schlee, Winfried (22836015100)
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    Schmidt, Maria Ines (7404398885)
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    Seylani, Allen (57222325334)
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    Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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    Shannawaz, Mohammed (56349680200)
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    Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw (57214329180)
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    Siabani, Soraya (25227131300)
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    Singal, Anjali (55965512800)
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    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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    Singh, Jitendra Kumar (56770483800)
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    Singhal, Deepika (48361953900)
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    Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)
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    Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)
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    Sotoudeh, Houman (14054801700)
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    Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth (57218543838)
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    Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu (57218876556)
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    Tamiru, Animut Tagele (57218877788)
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    Tareque, Md Ismail (58298394400)
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    Thapar, Rekha (36337431900)
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    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Ullah, Saif (57219395828)
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    Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan (57216154072)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
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    Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239)
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    Vo, Bay (35147075900)
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    Vongpradith, Avina (57216661011)
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    Vu, Giang Thu (57202424871)
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    Wei, Jingkai (56163346700)
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    Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896)
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    Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh (57207954055)
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    Yeshaw, Yigizie (57197818606)
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    Yiǧit, Vahit (57222328239)
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    Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale (57219148502)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yunusa, Ismaeel (57202137670)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhao, Jeff T. (57221069965)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Davis, Adrian C. (7404296836)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Chadha, Shelly (7005621174)
    Background: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study on the prevalence of hearing loss in 2019, as well as the condition's associated disability. Methods: We did systematic reviews of population-representative surveys on hearing loss prevalence from 1990 to 2019. We fitted nested meta-regression models for severity-specific prevalence, accounting for hearing aid coverage, cause, and the presence of tinnitus. We also forecasted the prevalence of hearing loss until 2050. Findings: An estimated 1·57 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·51–1·64) people globally had hearing loss in 2019, accounting for one in five people (20·3% [19·5–21·1]). Of these, 403·3 million (357·3–449·5) people had hearing loss that was moderate or higher in severity after adjusting for hearing aid use, and 430·4 million (381·7–479·6) without adjustment. The largest number of people with moderate-to-complete hearing loss resided in the Western Pacific region (127·1 million people [112·3–142·6]). Of all people with a hearing impairment, 62·1% (60·2–63·9) were older than 50 years. The Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index explained 65·8% of the variation in national age-standardised rates of years lived with disability, because countries with a low HAQ Index had higher rates of years lived with disability. By 2050, a projected 2·45 billion (2·35–2·56) people will have hearing loss, a 56·1% (47·3–65·2) increase from 2019, despite stable age-standardised prevalence. Interpretation: As populations age, the number of people with hearing loss will increase. Interventions such as childhood screening, hearing aids, effective management of otitis media and meningitis, and cochlear implants have the potential to ameliorate this burden. Because the burden of moderate-to-complete hearing loss is concentrated in countries with low health-care quality and access, stronger health-care provision mechanisms are needed to reduce the burden of unaddressed hearing loss in these settings. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Schwebel, David C. (6603681532)
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    Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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    Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)
    Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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