Browsing by Author "Marinković, Slobodan (7005202323)"

Identification of the brain structures in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the rat is very important for the experimental work of many neuroscientists. Our intention was to recognize most of the structures without overlapping the MRI sections with the histological templates. Three live rats were used for this study who were examined in a micro-MRI apparatus by performing T2-weighted sequences in serial brain sections. Most of the white matter structures were easily identified, e.g. the anterior commissure, corpus callosum with forceps minor and major, cingulum, external and internal capsules, fornix, stria medullaris and terminalis, cranial nerves, mammillothalamic tract, fasciculus retroflexus, medial and lateral lemniscus, posterior commissure, commissures of the superior and inferior colliculi, medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the cerebral peduncle. Large and small gray matter structures were recognized as well, for example, the anterior olfactory structures, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, claustrum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, pituitary gland, globus pallidus, amygdala, some midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, certain hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampal formation, pineal body, periaqueductal gray matter, lateral and medial geniculate bodies, superior and inferior colliculi, and cranial nerves nuclei. All in all, of the total 160 recognized brain structures, 77 were identified without using the corresponding histological atlases. We believe that our labeled MRI pictures could be an important way for quick orientation for evaluating the effects of the experimental work regarding the rat brain. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Identification of the brain structures in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the rat is very important for the experimental work of many neuroscientists. Our intention was to recognize most of the structures without overlapping the MRI sections with the histological templates. Three live rats were used for this study who were examined in a micro-MRI apparatus by performing T2-weighted sequences in serial brain sections. Most of the white matter structures were easily identified, e.g. the anterior commissure, corpus callosum with forceps minor and major, cingulum, external and internal capsules, fornix, stria medullaris and terminalis, cranial nerves, mammillothalamic tract, fasciculus retroflexus, medial and lateral lemniscus, posterior commissure, commissures of the superior and inferior colliculi, medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the cerebral peduncle. Large and small gray matter structures were recognized as well, for example, the anterior olfactory structures, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, claustrum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, pituitary gland, globus pallidus, amygdala, some midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, certain hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampal formation, pineal body, periaqueductal gray matter, lateral and medial geniculate bodies, superior and inferior colliculi, and cranial nerves nuclei. All in all, of the total 160 recognized brain structures, 77 were identified without using the corresponding histological atlases. We believe that our labeled MRI pictures could be an important way for quick orientation for evaluating the effects of the experimental work regarding the rat brain. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Objective: There is a low incidence of the medullary infarctions and sparse data about the vascular territories, as well as a correlation among the anatomic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurologic signs. Materials and methods: Arteries of the 10 right and left sides of the brain stem were injected with India ink, fixed in formalin and microdissected. The enrolled 34 patients with medullary infarctions underwent a neurologic, MRI and Doppler examination. Results: Four types of the infarctions were distinguished according to the involved vascular territories. The isolated medial medullary infarctions (MMIs) were present in 14.7%. The complete MMIs comprised one bilateral infarction (2.9%), whilst the incomplete and partial MMIs were observed in 5.9% and 8.9%, respectively. The anterolateral infarctions (ALMIs) were very rare (2.9%). The complete and incomplete lateral infarctions (LMIs), noted in 35.3%, comprised 11.8% and 23.6%, respectively, that is, the anterior (5.9%), posterior (8.9%), deep (2.9%), and peripheral (5.9%). Dorsal ischemic lesions (DMIs) occurred in 11.8%, either as a complete (2.9%), or isolated lateral (5.9%) or medial infarctions (2.9%). The remaining ischemic regions belonged to various combined infarctions of the MMI, ALMI, LMI and DMI (35.3%). The infarctions most often affected the upper medulla (47.1%), middle (11.8%), or both (29.5%). Several motor and sensory signs were manifested following infarctions, including vestibular, cerebellar, ocular, sympathetic, respiratory and auditory symptoms. Conclusions: There was a good correlation among the vascular territories, MRI ischemia features, and neurologic findings regarding the medullary infarctions. © 2022 The Author(s)

Objectives: There are scarce data regarding pontine arteries anatomy, which is the basis for ischemic lesions following their occlusion. The aim of this study was to examine pontine vasculature and its relationships with the radiologic and neurologic features of pontine infarctions. Materials and methods: Branches of eight basilar arteries and their twigs, including the larger intrapontine branches, were microdissected following an injection of a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin. Two additional brain stems were prepared for microscopic examination after being stained with luxol fast blue and cresyl violet. Finally, 30 patients with pontine infarctions underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to determine the position and size of the infarctions. Results: The perforating arteries, which averaged 5.8 in number and 0.39 mm in diameter, gave rise to paramedian and anteromedial branches, and also to anterolateral twigs (62.5%). The longer leptomeningeal and cerebellar arteries occasionally gave off perforating and anterolateral twigs, and either the lateral or posterior branches. Occlusion of some of these vessels resulted in the paramedian (30%), anterolateral (26.7%), lateral (20%), and combined infarctions (23.3%), which were most often isolated and unilateral, and rarely bilateral (10%). They were located in the lower pons (23.3%), middle (10%) or rostral (26.7%), or in two or three portions (40%). Each type of infarction usually produced characteristic neurologic signs. The clinical significance of the anatomic findings was discussed. Conclusions: There was a good correlation between the intrapontine vascular territories, the position, size and shape of the infarctions, and the type of neurologic manifestations. © 2022 The Authors

Although the general vascular supply of the basal ganglia and internal capsule is well known, precise data are lacking regarding the variations of the vascular territories in the two regions. Twelve hemispheres were studied following an injection of coloured ink into the main cerebral arteries, namely the anterior cerebral (ACA), middle cerebral (MCA), anterior choroidal (AChA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Serial sections of the injected hemispheres were taken in the axial or coronal plane. In 75% of the hemispheres, ACA perforators were seen to supply the inferomedial part of the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior limb of the internal capsule, as well as the anterior and inferior portions of the putamen and globus pallidus. The MCA vessels perfused the superolateral part of the head and body of the caudate nucleus, the superior part of the entire internal capsule, most of the putamen and part of the globus pallidus. The AChA perforators perfused the medial segment of the globus pallidus, the inferior part of the posterior limb, the retrolenticular and sublenticular portions of the internal capsule, and occasionally its genu. The same segment of the globus pallidus and the inferior part of the genu of the internal capsule were most likely supplied by the perforators of the internal carotid artery. A predominance of ACA territory was noticed in one specimen (8.33%) and a predominance of MCA territory in two specimens (16.67%). The obtained anatomical data may help radiologic determination of perforators involved in ischemic events, as well as a better understanding of the neurological deficits in the same events. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Although the general vascular supply of the basal ganglia and internal capsule is well known, precise data are lacking regarding the variations of the vascular territories in the two regions. Twelve hemispheres were studied following an injection of coloured ink into the main cerebral arteries, namely the anterior cerebral (ACA), middle cerebral (MCA), anterior choroidal (AChA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Serial sections of the injected hemispheres were taken in the axial or coronal plane. In 75% of the hemispheres, ACA perforators were seen to supply the inferomedial part of the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior limb of the internal capsule, as well as the anterior and inferior portions of the putamen and globus pallidus. The MCA vessels perfused the superolateral part of the head and body of the caudate nucleus, the superior part of the entire internal capsule, most of the putamen and part of the globus pallidus. The AChA perforators perfused the medial segment of the globus pallidus, the inferior part of the posterior limb, the retrolenticular and sublenticular portions of the internal capsule, and occasionally its genu. The same segment of the globus pallidus and the inferior part of the genu of the internal capsule were most likely supplied by the perforators of the internal carotid artery. A predominance of ACA territory was noticed in one specimen (8.33%) and a predominance of MCA territory in two specimens (16.67%). The obtained anatomical data may help radiologic determination of perforators involved in ischemic events, as well as a better understanding of the neurological deficits in the same events. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background: The original appearance of the cochlea and the specific shape of a spiral are interesting for both the scientists and artists. Yet, a correlation between the cochlea and the spiral forms in nature and art has been very rarely mentioned. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible correlation between the cochlea and the other spiral objects in nature, as well as the artistic presentation of the spiral forms. Methods: We explored data related to many natural objects and examined 13 625 artworks created by 2049 artists. We also dissected 2 human cochleas and prepared histologic slices of a rat cochlea. Results: The cochlea is a spiral, cone-shaped osseous structure that resembles certain other spiral forms in nature. It was noticed that parts of some plants are arranged in a spiral manner, often according to Fibonacci numbers. Certain animals, their parts, or their products also represent various types of spirals. Many of them, including the cochlea, belong to the logarithmic type. Nature created spiral forms in the living world to pack a larger number of structures in a limited space and also to improve their function. Because the cochlea and other spiral forms have a certain aesthetic value, many artists presented them in their works of art. Conclusions: There is a mathematical and geometric correlation between the cochlea and natural spiral objects, and the same functional reason for their formation. The artists' imagery added a new aspect to those domains. Obviously, the creativity of nature and Homo sapiens has no limits-like the infinite distal part of the spiral. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The aim of our study was to examine all types of decapitation from forensic literature, including our own case, and to analyze the presentation of beheading in fine art, popular literature, and music. To do this, over 200 scientific articles in regard to decapitation were analyzed, as well as more than 10,000 artworks, and several hundreds of literary works and music pieces. In addition, a macroscopic examination of a decapitated victim was performed. Finally, a multislice computerized tomography (MSCT) examination of the cervical spine in two live volunteers was undertaken to present the osteological relationships. The forensic and criminal investigation revealed that a female victim was murdered by her jealous husband by applying several strikes with an axe, which resulted in an incomplete decapitation. All the main neck structures were transected, including the cervical spine, except a smaller part of the skin and soft tissue in the nuchal region. The mentioned MSCT examination in both the neutral position and flexion showed that the mandible can also be injured in a higher cervical location of the severance line. Various types of beheading were mentioned, including a homicidal, suicidal, accidental, judicial, internal, pathophysiological, and foetal ones. The status of consciousness and emotions in individuals just before and after decapitation was discussed. Finally, it was found that decapitation was the subject of many artists, and some writers and musicians. In conclusion, we presented a rare case of a homicide beheading performed with an axe. In addition, forensic importance of decapitation was discussed, as well as its great medical, social, anthropological, and artistic significance. © 2017

The aim of this study was to examine the morphology and the immunohistochemical features of displaced ganglion cells in the trigeminal nerve root (TNR). Forty human TNRs of 20 persons, obtained during routine autopsy in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, were examined following Klüver-Barrera and azan trichrome histological staining, and immunohistochemical reactions against certain neuronal markers, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. A total number of 61 displaced neurons were investigated, which were present in 80% of individuals studied. Displaced neurons were found in 55.0% of the TNRs, either in the sensory portion (22.5%), motor portion (22.5%) or both (10.0%). Neuronal diameter varied from 12.5 × 25.0 to 45.0 × 63.7 (mean 27.6 × 41.6) μm, and in area between 245 and 2,065 (mean 927) μm2. Each neuron was surrounded by 2-17 elongated satellite cells per slice. The immune reaction was positive in all the neurons studied for neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and synaptophysin, and in some neurons for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 24.4%), cholecystokinin (CCK; 13.3%), somatostatin (SST; 17.8%), substance P (SP; 15.6%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (4.4%), neuropeptide Y (8.9%), and serotonin (11.1%). The immune reactions were most frequent against the CGRP, SP, CCK and SST. We concluded that displaced neurons in the TNR morphologically and immunohistochemically resembled the sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Comprehension of the mesencephalic syndromes that affect oculomotor nerve fascicles requires a detailed knowledge of their relationship with the adjacent structures and the blood supply of the central midbrain region. This was the reasoning behind our study, which was performed in ten serially sectioned midbrains stained with cresyl violet and luxol fast blue, in three microdissected midbrains, and in two injected and cleared specimens. Three continuous groups of the intramesencephalic oculomotor nerve fascicles were distinguished: the caudal, intermediate and rostral. The caudal fascicles, which most likely innervate the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris muscles, extend through the superior cerebellar peduncle just caudal to the red nucleus and close to the lateral lemniscus. The intermediate fascicles, devoted to the medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles, always pass through the superior cerebellar peduncle, just medial to the caudal part of the red nucleus (60 %), and less frequently (40 %) through the nucleus itself. The rostral oculomotor fascicles, which terminate in the inferior rectus and sphincter pupillae muscles, course medial to the rostral part of the red nucleus. While the rostral and intermediate oculomotor fascicles are supplied only by the medial twigs of the paramedian mesencephalic perforating arteries, the caudal fascicles are also nourished by the lateral branches of the same perforating arteries. The data obtained form an important basis for the explanation of certain mesencephalic syndromes, and even anticipate some new syndromes not yet described in the literature. © Japanese Association of Anatomists 2012.

Background: Since the medullary arteries are of a great neurologic and neurosurgical significance, the aim was to perform a detailed microanatomic study of these vessels, as well as of the medullary infarctions in a group of patients. Methods: The arteries of 26 halves of the brain stem were injected with India ink and gelatin, microdissected and measured with an ocular micrometer. Neurologic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed in 11 patients. Results: The perforating medullary arteries, averaging 6.7 in number and 0.26 mm in diameter, most often originated from the anterior spinal artery (ASA), and rarely from the vertebral (VA) (38.5%) and the basilar artery (BA) (11.6%). They supplied the medial medullary region. The anterolateral arteries, 4.8 in number and 0.2 mm in size, most often arose from the ASA and PerfAs, and nourished the anterolateral region. The lateral arteries, 2.2 in number and 0.31 mm in diameter, usually originated from the VA and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). They supplied the lateral medullary region. The dorsal arteries, which mainly arose from the PICA and the posterior spinal artery (PSA), nourished the dorsal region, including the roof of the 4th ventricle. The anastomotic channels, averaging 0.3 mm in size, were noted in 42.3%. Among the medullary infarctions, the lateral ones were most frequently present (72.8%). Conclusion: The obtained anatomic data, which can explain the medullary infarctions symptomatology, are also important in order to avoid damage to the medullary arteries during neurosurgical and neuroradiologic interventions. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.

OBJECTIVE: Intraventricular surgery requires a detailed knowledge of the microanatomy of the choroid plexus vasculature. METHODS: Twenty choroid plexuses were microdissected, and two additional plexuses were prepared for microscopic examination. RESULTS: The choroid plexus was perfused primarily by the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) and the lateral posterior choroidal artery (LPChA). The AChA, which averaged 650 μm in diameter, most often (in 75% of cases) divided into the medial and lateral trunks, which averaged 450 μm in diameter. The medial trunk gave off the bush-like intrachoroidal branches, whereas the lateral trunk divided into the parallel arteries. The inferior LPChA was present in 50% of the hemispheres, both the inferior and superior LPChAs in 40%, and their common trunk in 10%. In 40%, the LPChA, which averaged 670 μm in diameter, divided into the terminal trunks, with a mean diameter of 490 μm. The anastomoses involving the trunks of the LPChA and other choroidal arteries averaged 310 μm in diameter. All primary intrachoroidal branches of the AChA and LPChA were divided into three groups. The parallel branches, which averaged from 220 to 230 μm in diameter, coursed along the lateral part of the choroid plexus. The tortuous glomus vessels, which averaged 310 μm in size, originated from the AChA (45%), the LPChA (15%), or both (40%). The bush-like vessels, with a mean diameter between 155 and 190 μm, ramified into smaller twigs, up to the intrachoroidal capillaries. CONCLUSION: The data obtained on the microanatomy of the intrachoroidal vasculature may have certain neurosurgical implications.

Background: Scarce information about the anatomy of the subependymal arteries (SEAs) is present in the scientific literature. Methods: Twenty cerebral hemispheres with injected arteries were microdissected, and the magnetic resonance imaging scans of 100 patients with lacunar infarcts were examined. Results: The SEAs were found to range in diameter from 40 to 490 μm (mean, 149 μm) and in number between 3 and 12 (average, 5.2). Of these, numbers from 1 to 3 originated from the anterior choroidal artery (AChA), between 1 and 10 from the lateral posterior choroidal artery (LPChA), 1 from the medial posterior choroidal artery (MPChA), and 1 from the internal carotid artery. The SEAs most often arose from the choroidal branches (90%) and less frequently from the thalamic (30%), caudate (35%), or thalamocaudate twigs (20%). The SEAs of the AChA supplied the walls of the temporal horn (100%), the occipital horn (85%), and the atrium (35%). Those of the LPChA perfused the walls of the occipital horn (15%), the atrium (65%), the body of the ventricle (100%), and partially the frontal horn. The SEAs of the MPChA partially nourished the body and the frontal horn (10%). The SEAs may also occasionally supply the caudate nucleus (20%) and the stria terminalis. The anastomoses involving the SEAs were absent. In spite of this, ischemia in the territory of a single SEA was noticed in only 1% of our patients. Conclusions: The SEAs are tiny vessels that supply the walls of the lateral ventricle, as well as the caudate nucleus and the stria terminalis occasionally. The obtained anatomic data can have important neurosurgical implications in intraventricular operations. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Background: Only a few articles have been published about the lateral posterior choroidal artery (LPChA), and yet none of them contains data regarding the thalamic branches. Methods: The LPChA and its twigs of the 26 cerebral hemispheres were injected with a mixture of a 10% Indian ink and gelatin. Following fixation in a 10% formaldehyde solution, the vessels were micro dissected under the stereoscopic microscope. In addition, serial cerebral angiograms of the 168 patients were examined. Results: The LPChA, which was commonly singular or double and averaged 0.68 mm in diameter, most often originated from the P2 and P3 segments (76%) of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). It always gave off the choroidal, pulvinar and typical thalamic branches, occasionally the parahippocampal (4%), hippocampal (8%), peduncular (8%), tegmental (12%), pretectal (4%), lateral geniculate (40%) and medial geniculate twigs (16%), and the forniceal, subependymal (100%), stria terminalis (32%), and caudate twigs (28%). The pulvinar and thalamic branches averaged almost 4 in number and 0.27 mm in diameter. They most often supplied the pulvinar nuclei, and occasionally portions of the mediodorsal, lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, ventral lateral, and the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei. Among the 168 serial cerebral angiograms, one presented the arteriovenous malformation of the LPChA, but no one showed an aneurysm. Conclusions: This is the first description of the LPChA thalamic branches to date. Their microanatomic features are important for understanding the neurologic symptoms following vessels occlusion, for precise radiologic diagnoses, and for safe neurosurgical and endovascular interventions. © 2024 Elsevier Inc.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data in the literature related to the microanatomic features of the perforating branches of the vertebral artery. METHODS: The 44 vertebral arteries and their branches were injected with india ink or a radiopaque substance and examined under the stereoscopic microscope. RESULTS: The perforating arteries were noted to range in number from 1 to 11 (mean, 6.5) and in diameter between 100 μm and 520 μm (average, 243 μm). They arose from the vertebral artery (VA) (54.54%), 8 from the right, the left or both VAs. The anterior spinal artery (ASA), which was singular (81.82%), duplicated (13.64%), or plexiform (4.55%), always gave rise to the perforators. The vascular roots of the ASA were the source of the perforators in 95.45% of the brains. The latter vessels arose from the anterolateral arteries in 50% of the cases. The anastomoses involving the perforators, which were present in 40.91% of the brains, varied in diameter between 100 μm and 350 μm (mean, 169 μm). The perforating vessels gave rise to the side branches in 95.45% of the brains that varied in diameter from 100 μm to 300 μm (average, 161 μm). The perforators usually entered the foramen cecum and the anterior median sulcus, and then continued close and parallel to the raphe of the medulla. The perforators can be compressed by a VA aneurysm, which was found in one among the 71 examined patients with cerebral aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained data give additional information about the vascular anatomy of the pontomedullary region. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The lenticulostriate arteries (LSA) and their microanatomy, region of supply and atherosclerosis were examined in 24 microdissected brains, arterial casts, and histological specimens. The LSA ranged from 2 to 12 in number and from 0.10 mm to 1.28 mm in diameter. They always arose from the initial segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often from the MCA leptomeningeal branches (38.24%), and rarely from the insular segment (2.94%). They always originated as individual branches, often (61.76%) with their own common stems. In two hemispheres we found that the LSA supplied either a larger or a smaller portion of the basal ganglia and internal capsule than usual. The number of twigs to the innominate substance (substantia innominata) (3-11), and their diameters (0.07-0.30 mm), has been described for the first time, to our knowledge. Microatheromas were found in two LSA. Data about the LSA microanatomy and territory could form the basis of safer neurosurgery, more accurate neuroimaging evaluation, and precise neurological diagnosis in patients with focal ischemic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The lenticulostriate arteries (LSA) and their microanatomy, region of supply and atherosclerosis were examined in 24 microdissected brains, arterial casts, and histological specimens. The LSA ranged from 2 to 12 in number and from 0.10 mm to 1.28 mm in diameter. They always arose from the initial segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often from the MCA leptomeningeal branches (38.24%), and rarely from the insular segment (2.94%). They always originated as individual branches, often (61.76%) with their own common stems. In two hemispheres we found that the LSA supplied either a larger or a smaller portion of the basal ganglia and internal capsule than usual. The number of twigs to the innominate substance (substantia innominata) (3-11), and their diameters (0.07-0.30 mm), has been described for the first time, to our knowledge. Microatheromas were found in two LSA. Data about the LSA microanatomy and territory could form the basis of safer neurosurgery, more accurate neuroimaging evaluation, and precise neurological diagnosis in patients with focal ischemic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is very important in the diagnosis of pathological processes, planning of endoscopic surgery, and radiologic guiding techniques during certain operations. Observational study. Clinic of Neurosurgery, Institute and Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Clinic and Department for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine. Two heads with brains were serially cut in the axial and coronal planes. 73 individuals, who were enrolled among 1848 patients, underwent examination by multidetector computerized tomography. A nasal septal deviation was seen in 65.8%, and septal pneumatization in 11%. Superior concha pneumatization was observed in 1.4% of patients, middle concha bullosa in 30.2%, and its hypoplasia in 1.4%. The lamina papyracea dehiscence was also present in 1.4%. The uncinate process was absent in 1.4%, and it was pneumatized in 4.2%. Agger nasi cells were noticed in 34.3%, and Haller and Onodi cells in 20.7% each. The olfactory fossa was shallow in 9.7%, deep in 31.6%, and very deep in 58.9%. Absence of the frontal sinus was seen in 9.7%. The presellar type of the sphenoidal sinus was present in 11%, the sellar in 35.7%, and the postsellar in 53.5%. Hypoplasia of the maxillary sinus was revealed in 1.4%, and hyperpneumatization in 4.2%. The sinus floor was usually below the level (60.3%), at the same level (20.7%), or above the level of the nasal floor (19.2%). The bony septum within the sinus was seen in 52.1%. The presented data are of a great significance in order to avoid a misdiagnosis of the anatomic variations, to make a proper diagnosis of certain diseases, and for safe endonasal operations. © 2021, Association of Otolaryngologists of India.

OBJECTIVE. The radiologic aesthetics of some body parts and internal organs have inspired certain artists to create specific works of art. Our aim was to describe the link between radiology and fine art. We explored 13,625 artworks in the literature produced by 2049 artists and found several thousand photographs in an online image search. The examination revealed 271 radiologic artworks (1.99%) created by 59 artists (2.88%) who mainly applied radiography, sonography, CT, and MRI. CONCLUSION. Some authors produced radiologic artistic photographs, and others used radiologic images to create artful compositions, specific sculptures, or digital works. Many radiologic artworks have symbolic, metaphoric, or conceptual connotations. Radiology is clearly becoming an original and important field of modern art. © American Roentgen Ray Society.

Spondylocostal dysostosis is a very rare combination of complex vertebra and rib malformations, accompanied occasionally by other disorders. A 3-year-old girl presented kyphoscoliosis, foot deformities, gate disturbance, and urinary incontinence. The CT and MRI examination revealed kyphosis and scoliosis with a double curve, some absent, broadened, bifurcating and fused ribs, hemivertebrae, butterfly and cleft vertebrae in thoracic and lumbar region, sporadic cleft or absent vertebral arches or pedicles, and hypoplastic sacrum with a cleft of the S2 vertebra. Spina bifida occulta extended from T10 to T11, and from L3 to the end of the sacrum. Two hemicords, separated by a bony septum and surrounded by their own dural tubes (type I), were present from the level of T9 to the conus medullaris. Filum terminale was thick and duplicated. Syringomyelia was present in the thoracic cord from T5 to T8. Finally, a small meningocele was seen at the T10-T11 level, and a subcutaneous lipoma in the thoracolumbar region. To our knowledge, such a combination of vertebra, rib, and cord malformations, including the mentioned additional disorders, has never been reported. © 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel. Copyright: All rights reserved.