Browsing by Author "Cunningham, Matthew (57204558787)"
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Publication Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))(2018) ;Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100) ;Abebe, Molla (57211131124) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598) ;Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002) ;Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877) ;Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700) ;Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500) ;Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600) ;Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381) ;Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853) ;Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800) ;Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900) ;Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300) ;Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000) ;Adib, Mina G. (57204560513) ;Admasie, Amha (56609274200) ;Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455) ;Agarwal, Gina (57220151944) ;Agesa, Kareha M. 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(7006079405) ;Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300) ;Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398) ;West, T. Eoin (57756844000) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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(8549393000) ;Yousef, Zabihollah (9743306100) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344) ;Yu, Yong (55628587954) ;Moghadam, Telma Zahirian (57201718494) ;Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721) ;Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058) ;Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300) ;Zandian, Hamed (57205175627) ;Zarei, Fatemeh (15766784900) ;Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400) ;Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200) ;Ziapour, Arash (57202571078) ;Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080) ;Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697) ;Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda (57216324802) ;Hay, Simon I. (7101875313) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)Vos, Theo (57223885848)Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021(2024) ;Schumacher, Austin E. (57209276410) ;Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe (57217040073) ;Aali, Amirali (57819452000) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Jaffar (57217776454) ;Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh (59152412000) ;Abbasi, Madineh Akram (57193923353) ;Abbasian, Mohammadreza (9846109700) ;Abd ElHafeez, Samar (55551273300) ;Abdelmasseh, Michael (57356690000) ;Abd-Elsalam, Sherief (57189845325) ;Abdelwahab, Ahmed (57862779500) ;Abdollahi, Mohammad (57940559800) ;Abdoun, Meriem (20336514800) ;Abdullahi, Auwal (56102934500) ;Abdurehman, Ame Mehadi (58660534900) ;Abebe, Mesfin (57223854886) ;Abedi, Aidin (56673854800) ;Abedi, Armita (57204607249) ;Abegaz, Tadesse M. 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(56381985300) ;Lasrado, Savita (36632480900) ;Latief, Kamaluddin (26428870800) ;Latif, Mahrukh (58142528000) ;Latifinaibin, Kaveh (58957217400) ;Lauriola, Paolo (7004129174) ;Le, Long Khanh Dao (57873296500) ;Le, Nhi Huu Hanh (57225941904) ;Le, Thao Thi Thu (57736182100) ;Le, Trang Diep Thanh (58955740800) ;Lee, Munjae (58964400000) ;Lee, Paul H. (57200302692) ;Lee, Sang-Woong (57193130569) ;Lee, Seung Won (57223118056) ;Lee, Wei-Chen (57394248700) ;Lee, Yo Han (57193632340) ;Legesse, Samson Mideksa (57562395800) ;Leigh, James (22957414600) ;Lenzi, Jacopo (57200000691) ;Leong, Elvynna (56462346200) ;Lerango, Temesgen L. (58124758800) ;Li, Ming-Chieh (56144176300) ;Li, Wei (59638602600) ;Li, Xiaopan (54389570600) ;Li, Yichong (57218426673) ;Li, Zhihui (56346333300) ;Libra, Massimo (6603852432) ;Ligade, Virendra S. (15769728900) ;Likaka, Andrew Tiyamike Makhiringa (55151159300) ;Lim, Lee-Ling (56988527400) ;Lin, Ro-Ting (15123000400) ;Lin, Shuzhi (57397981100) ;Lioutas, Vasileios-Arsenios (36114439100) ;Listl, Stefan (35759488300) ;Liu, Jue (56797105100) ;Liu, Simin (58636394800) ;Liu, Xiaofeng (57193764777) ;Livingstone, Katherine M. (55466317400) ;Llanaj, Erand (57204154387) ;Lo, Chun-Han (57216207024) ;Loreche, Arianna Maever (58094114300) ;Lorenzovici, László (57200941835) ;Lotfi, Mojgan (37109768200) ;Lotfizadeh, Masoud (55853761600) ;Lozano, Rafael (57570224000) ;Lubinda, Jailos (56700387300) ;Lucchetti, Giancarlo (35790096500) ;Lugo, Alessandra (55227636600) ;Lunevicius, Raimundas (57216165063) ;Ma, Jianing (58040920000)Ma, Stefan (7403723389)Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021(2024) ;Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323) ;Ong, Kanyin Liane (57210793447) ;Aali, Amirali (57819452000) ;Ababneh, Hazim S. 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(56868565700) ;Keiyoro, Peter Njenga (57203177260) ;Keller, Cathleen (57222513603) ;Kelly, Jaimon Terence (57020468500) ;Kempen, John H. (57216598048) ;Kerr, Jessica A. (57194029225) ;Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle (35573782000) ;Khajuria, Himanshu (56639982500) ;Khalaji, Amirmohammad (57801096100) ;Khalid, Nauman (57204561542) ;Khalil, Anees Ahmed (57189730703) ;Khalilian, Alireza (59357174700) ;Khamesipour, Faham (55236513800) ;Khan, Ajmal (35783172300) ;Khan, Asaduzzaman (55256015300) ;Khan, Gulfaraz (6701635515) ;Khan, Ikramullah (57190277865) ;Khan, Imteyaz A. (57407078900) ;Khan, M. Nuruzzaman (58821087600) ;Khan, Mohammad Jobair (57298003900) ;Khan, Moien Ab (57209800900) ;Khan, Zeeshan Ali (58977837900) ;Khan Suheb, Mahammed Ziauddin (58283489900)Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh (57216530776)Background: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. Interpretation: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019(2020) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707) ;Abbasi, Mohammad (57221004192) ;Abbasifard, Mitra (37053407900) ;Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen (57193543882) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahi, Mohammad (57940559800) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abedi, Aidin (56673854800) ;Abedi, Parisa (57219860997) ;Abegaz, Kedir Hussein (57200726326) ;Abolhassani, Hassan (58597704600) ;Abosetugn, Akine Eshete (57041277200) ;Aboyans, Victor (56214736500) ;Abrams, Elissa M. (53363080800) ;Abreu, Lucas Guimarães (55937631400) ;Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400) ;Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid (57218875672) ;Abualhasan, Ahmed (57211135523) ;Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (24586714800) ;Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700) ;Abushouk, Abdelrahman I. 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(57215198193) ;McKee, Martin (7202304775) ;Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo (8530789600) ;Meharie, Birhanu Geta (57217083932) ;Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864) ;Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar (56062744400) ;Mehri, Fereshteh (57211542603) ;Mehrotra, Ravi (7203045563) ;Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418) ;Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda (57209140259) ;Mekonnen, Teferi (57215662987) ;Melese, Addisu (56901393600) ;Memiah, Peter T.N. (57217207827) ;Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350) ;Mendoza, Walter (57216905642) ;Menezes, Ritesh G. (55517099900) ;Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku (57216203521) ;Mengesha, Meresa Berwo (57210570181) ;Mensah, George A. (57196028147) ;Mereke, Alibek (57205595662) ;Mereta, Seid Tiku (57203628211) ;Meretoja, Atte (12775885500) ;Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57219008708) ;Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107) ;Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900) ;Miazgowski, Tomasz (6701404689) ;Michalek, Irmina Maria (56982945900) ;Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu (57214781514) ;Miller, Ted R. (7403948600) ;Mills, Edward J. (57205301363) ;Milne, George J. (9434770500) ;Mini, G.K. (12800865800) ;Miri, Mohammad (56938228400) ;Mirica, Andreea (57188983765) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57508336100) ;Mirzaei, Hamed (37034594600) ;Mirzaei, Maryam (56902299800) ;Mirzaei, Roya (55745833800) ;Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi (57201700997) ;Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen (57202808713) ;Mitchell, Philip B. (35354747000) ;Mithra, Prasanna (36018632500) ;Moazen, Babak (57204324006) ;Moghadaszadeh, Masoud (57200791890) ;Mohajer, Bahram (57039225300) ;Mohamad, Osama (36342663600) ;Mohamadi, Efat (57202198397) ;Mohammad, Dara K. (43161421200)Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710)Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Dicker, Daniel (57196026676) ;Nguyen, Grant (57191591002) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. 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(57204703404) ;Shukla, Sharvari Rahul (55760856000)Si, Si (56706979500)Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100) ;Abebe, Molla (57211131124) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abera, Semaw F. 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(7003331101) ;Lozano, Rafael (7102198442) ;Lunevicius, Raimundas (57216165063) ;Ma, Stefan (7403723389) ;Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King (56330601800) ;Mackay, Mark T. (7103172855) ;MacLachlan, Jennifer H. (55431229800) ;Maddison, Emilie R. (57196084094) ;Madotto, Fabiana (16029150500) ;Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan (57195948985) ;Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed (57201191366) ;Maghavani, Dhaval P. (57204558721) ;Majdan, Marek (36147855100) ;Majdzadeh, Reza (9246620000) ;Majeed, Azeem (7102027801) ;Malekzadeh, Reza (7005197760) ;Malta, Deborah Carvalho (15835283500) ;Manda, Ana-Laura (57204567674) ;Mandarano-Filho, Luiz Garcia (55342472900) ;Manguerra, Helena (57208121153) ;Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600) ;Mapoma, Chabila Christopher (57208956832) ;Marami, Dadi (57200546490) ;Maravilla, Joemer C. (57008289000) ;Marcenes, Wagner (7005668102) ;Marczak, Laurie (57200295553) ;Marks, Ashley (57204558704) ;Marks, Guy B. (7202971580) ;Martinez, Gabriel (57208099155) ;Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio (57204796807) ;Martopullo, Ira (57193550189) ;Marz, Winfried (57220877383) ;Marzan, Melvin B. (57200737144) ;Masci, Joseph R. (56787746300) ;Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard (55859007400) ;Mathur, Manu Raj (55270329300) ;Mathur, Prashant (7201845777) ;Matzopoulos, Richard (57203438721) ;Maulik, Pallab K. (7005919685) ;Mazidi, Mohsen (57200232563) ;McAlinden, Colm (35325278500) ;McGrath, John J. (57202560550) ;McKee, Martin (7202304775) ;McMahon, Brian J. (56713188900) ;Mehata, Suresh (57211773159) ;Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864) ;Mehrotra, Ravi (7203045563) ;Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418) ;Mehta, Varshil (57158753300) ;Mekonnen, Tefera C. (57193872649) ;Melese, Addisu (56901393600) ;Melku, Mulugeta (56032188500) ;Memiah, Peter T.N. (57217207827) ;Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350) ;Mendoza, Walter (57216905642) ;Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese (57194776802) ;Mengistu, Getnet (57193539632) ;Mensah, George A. (57196028147) ;Mereta, Seid Tiku (57203628211) ;Meretoja, Atte (12775885500) ;Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57202554188) ;Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107) ;Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane (57222113213) ;Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900) ;Miazgowski, Tomasz (6701404689) ;Millear, Anoushka I. (57204879537) ;Miller, Ted R. (7403948600) ;Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine (56387657900) ;Mini, G.K. (12800865800) ;Mirabi, Parvaneh (51864302500) ;Mirarefin, Mojde (57222113397) ;Mirica, Andreea (57188983765) ;Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888) ;Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen (57202808713) ;Mitiku, Habtamu (49864023500) ;Moazen, Babak (57204324006) ;Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin (57205300378) ;Mohammadi, Moslem (56274033300) ;Mohammadifard, Noushin (23110866700) ;Mohammed, Mohammed A. (57196575014) ;Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000) ;Mohan, Viswanathan (57216603627) ;Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962) ;Molokhia, Mariam (7004121920) ;Monasta, Lorenzo (7801520497) ;Moradi, Ghobad (48161434000) ;Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (35617421300) ;Moradinazar, Mehdi (59750499200) ;Moraga, Paula (46761426800) ;Morawska, Lidia (7004773965) ;Velasquez, Ilais Moreno (56499291900) ;Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana (57204560697) ;Morrison, Shane Douglas (45661573100) ;Moschos, Marilita M. (7004456074) ;Mouodi, Simin (55372646500) ;Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam (56165159700) ;Muchie, Kindie Fentahun (57194458469) ;Mueller, Ulrich Otto (8512347500) ;Mukhopadhyay, Satinath (36342847700) ;Muller, Kate (57196075658) ;Mumford, John Everett (57221821974) ;Musa, Jonah (15022919200) ;Musa, Kamarul Imran (57194536466) ;Mustafa, Ghulam (57190395960) ;Muthupandian, Saravanan (54585668500) ;Nachega, Jean B. 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(57204562047) ;Nolutshungu, Nomonde (57204567895) ;Nomura, Shuhei (55632290700) ;Norheim, Ole F. (7004082597) ;Noroozi, Mehdi (57035125300) ;Norrving, Bo (12792377500) ;Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000) ;Nouri, Hamid Reza (58754802100) ;Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour (56960536000) ;Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza (8866311900) ;Nyasulu, Peter S. (36700333500) ;Odell, Christopher M. (57204283884) ;Ofori-Asenso, Richard (57209300265) ;Ogbo, Felix Akpojene (57217186813) ;Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669) ;Oladimeji, Olanrewaju (57216495380) ;Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700) ;Olivares, Pedro R. (7003510190) ;Olsen, Helen Elizabeth (57203080494) ;Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682) ;Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860) ;Ong, Kanyin L. (57210793447) ;Ong, Sok King Sk (36614524300) ;Oren, Eyal (36815569400) ;Orpana, Heather M. (6507559930) ;Ortiz, Alberto (7201911399) ;Ortiz, Justin R. (57201758478) ;Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394) ;Overland, Simon (23028540300) ;Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo (57222581892) ;Ozdemir, Raziye (46761319200) ;Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244) ;Pacella, Rosana (57194839077) ;Pakhale, Smita (57220937499) ;Pakhare, Abhijit P. (54383993100) ;Pakpour, Amir H. (56181056500) ;Pana, Adrian (57191837583) ;Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra (6603112353) ;Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai (6701618847) ;Parisi, Andrea (57203642960) ;Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178) ;Parry, Charles D.H. (7102561312) ;Parsian, Hadi (55991107900) ;Patel, Shanti (57072227700) ;Pati, Sanghamitra (55441302100) ;Patton, George C. (7102184358) ;Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao (56499299400) ;Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789) ;Pereira, Alexandre (57292982400) ;Pereira, David M. (57200690024) ;Perico, Norberto (56481931200) ;Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721) ;Petzold, Max (7003628893) ;Phillips, Michael R. (57202563610) ;Piel, Frederic B. (56866735900) ;Pigott, David M. (55320335600) ;Pillay, Julian David (57197803061) ;Pirsaheb, Meghdad (25645282200) ;Pishgar, Farhad (56676403900) ;Polinder, Suzanne (12766122200) ;Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502) ;Pourshams, Akram (6507521541) ;Poustchi, Hossein (8622806500) ;Pujar, Ashwini (57204567538) ;Prakash, Swayam (57212263375) ;Prasad, Narayan (23028765700) ;Purcell, Caroline A. (56203575500) ;Qorbani, Mostafa (24831040300) ;Quintana, Hedley (56835362100) ;Quistberg, D.Alex (6507023057) ;Rade, Kirankumar Waman (53264601000) ;Anwar Rafay, Amir Radfar (57194428768) ;Rahim, Fakher (23052247800) ;Rahimi, Kazem (58482212900) ;Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin (8696686900) ;Rahman, Mahfuzar (35571661300) ;Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497) ;Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600) ;Rai, Rajesh Kumar (51864423900) ;Rajsic, Sasa (57196448260) ;Ram, Usha (26653819000) ;Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500) ;Ranjan, Prabhat (57200595370) ;Rao, Puja C. (57191835613) ;Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052) ;Rawaf, Salman (6602475959) ;Razo-Garcia, Christian (57191620919) ;Reddy, K. Srinath (35417788900) ;Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088) ;Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315) ;Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600) ;Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588) ;Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071) ;Rezaei, Satar (55791003000) ;Rezaeian, Shahab (55214334100) ;Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300) ;Riahi, Seyed Mohammad (57193205976) ;Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P. (57204577960) ;Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus (57208577330) ;Roba, Kedir Teji (57203667432) ;Roberts, Nicholas L.S. (57204562597) ;Robinson, Stephen R. (7402673969) ;Roever, Leonardo (56641632800) ;Ronfani, Luca (6602565620) ;Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800) ;Rostami, Ali (59144808300) ;Rothenbacher, Dietrich (7004765162) ;Roy, Ambuj (7402704658) ;Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589) ;Sachdev, Perminder S. (7102284091) ;Saddik, Basema (23020079300) ;Sadeghi, Ehsan (37010381500) ;Safari, Hosein (57204236925) ;Safdarian, Mahdi (57203849024) ;Safi, Sare (57219477293) ;Safiri, Saeid (56009654100) ;Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100) ;Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900) ;Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600) ;Salam, Nasir (23992664500) ;Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625) ;Salamati, Payman (14045860600) ;De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael (57193063393) ;Saleem, Zikria (56179814800) ;Salimi, Yahya (54421017000) ;Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777) ;Salz, Inbal (57199623777) ;Sambala, Evanson Zondani (36718133800) ;Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300) ;Sanabria, Juan (7006262917) ;Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria (57202569015) ;Santomauro, Damian Francesco (56912450700) ;Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911) ;Santos, Joao Vasco (57226214352) ;Santric Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346) ;Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao (57202052980) ;Sarker, Abdur Razzaque (55908816200) ;Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo (57204744430) ;Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316) ;Sartorius, Benn (12788526800) ;Sarvi, Shahabeddin (56168398100) ;Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500) ;Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691) ;Sawant, Arundhati R. (57204568004) ;Sawhney, Monika (57217153893) ;Saxena, Sonia (57203151746) ;Sayyah, Mehdi (10540414200) ;Schaeffner, Elke (6507021741) ;Schmidt, Maria Ines (7404398885) ;Schneider, Ione J.C. (57201292772) ;Schottker, Ben (7006697270) ;Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352) ;Schwebel, David C. (6603681532) ;Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600) ;Scott, James G. (57218307442) ;Sekerija, Mario (30268005400) ;Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000) ;Servan-Mori, Edson (57202594826) ;Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba (57204698893) ;Shabaninejad, Hosein (56047947500) ;Shackelford, Katya Anne (57202959163) ;Shafieesabet, Azadeh (56964338900) ;Shahbazi, Mehdi (58427375600) ;Shaheen, Amira A. (57202560956) ;Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601) ;Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran (57193608415) ;Shamsi, Mohammadbagher (57204557980) ;Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127) ;Sharafi, Kiomars (57194516056) ;Sharif, Mehdi (16022734200) ;Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi (35108018000) ;Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600) ;She, Jun (57209122131) ;Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962) ;Shi, Peilin (57203064901) ;Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay (57205232012) ;Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000) ;Shiri, Rahman (57200737050) ;Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400) ;Shiue, Ivy (35811219800) ;Shokraneh, Farhad (36146063000) ;Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404) ;Si, Si (56706979500) ;Siabani, Soraya (25227131300) ;Siddiqi, Tariq J. (57193718539) ;Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora (57195363778) ;Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig (56006396200) ;Silberberg, Donald H. (57223420256) ;Santos Silva, Diego Augusto (36985158000) ;Silva, Joao Pedro (7403023631) ;Da Silva, Natacha Torres (57207324515) ;Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves (57190284103) ;Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736) ;Singh, Narinder Pal (57211864736) ;Singh, Prashant Kumar (57208090732) ;Singh, Virendra (57191848598) ;Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609) ;Sliwa, Karen (57207223988) ;Smith, Mari (57195484737) ;Sobaih, Badr Hasan (57202564080) ;Sobhani, Soheila (57193095221) ;Sobngwi, Eugene (6701427993) ;Soneji, Samir S. (57204096389) ;Soofi, Moslem (56373891000) ;Sorensen, Reed J.D. (57196918748) ;Soriano, Joan B. (7101973935) ;Soyiri, Ireneous N. (15052406400) ;Sposato, Luciano A. (25640261000) ;Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335) ;Srinivasan, Vinay (57196077031) ;Stanaway, Jeffrey D. (57201210928) ;Starodubov, Vladimir I. (6701820838) ;Stathopoulou, Vasiliki (57209726581) ;Stein, Dan J. (55769747595) ;Steiner, Caitlyn (57205358084) ;Stewart, Leo G. (57204565284) ;Stokes, Mark A. (7102859000) ;Subart, Michelle L. (57194140438) ;Sudaryanto, Agus (57305372500) ;Sufiyan, Mu'Awiyyah Babale (58294633600) ;Sur, Patrick John (57218360398) ;Sutradhar, Ipsita (57202349742) ;Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396) ;Sylaja, P.N. (12787344300) ;Sylte, Dillon O. (57211183601) ;Szoeke, Cassandra E.I. (6505920990) ;Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102) ;Tabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400) ;Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar (57207799926) ;Takahashi, Ken (55741242600) ;Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756) ;Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel (57204569108) ;Taveira, Nuno (6602731390) ;Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020) ;Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw (57204558037) ;Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin (57204237146) ;Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (56115852000) ;Temsah, Omar (57204559820) ;Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman (57211144258) ;Teshale, Manaye Yihune (57204566390) ;Tessema, Belay (20735503600) ;Tessema, Gizachew Assefa (57196316304) ;Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435) ;Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish (54407369300) ;Thomas, Nihal (7401830494) ;Thrift, Amanda G. (7004824524) ;Thurston, George D. (7102270013) ;Tilahun, Binyam (57212075730) ;To, Quyen G. (55827789100) ;Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan (57209276611) ;Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534) ;Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892) ;Torre, Anna E. (57196074351) ;Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel (16242320900) ;Touvier, Mathilde (8877033300) ;Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900) ;Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515) ;Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536) ;Tripathi, Suryakant (57225821627) ;Troeger, Christopher E. (57195223624) ;Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565) ;Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907) ;Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442) ;Tsoi, Derrick (57196074984) ;Tudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100) ;Murat Tuzcu, E. (7005951350) ;Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475) ;Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584) ;Ullah, Irfan (56992676600) ;Undurraga, Eduardo A. (57204092789) ;Updike, Rachel L. (57204698680) ;Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075) ;Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100) ;Uzun, Selen Begum (57200327315) ;Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600) ;Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300) ;Vaidya, Gaurang (55551507300) ;Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577) ;Varavikova, Elena (7801408611) ;Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416) ;Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100) ;Villafaina, Santos (57195804127) ;Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890) ;Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162) ;Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239) ;Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778) ;Vos, Theo (57223885848) ;Wagner, Gregory R. (57219005948) ;Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw (57200917385) ;Waheed, Yasir (35303643700) ;Wallin, Mitchell Taylor (57201573668) ;Walson, Judd L. (57203254111) ;Wang, Yanping (57215440165) ;Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100) ;Wassie, Molla Mesele (56499356400) ;Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947) ;Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405) ;Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300) ;Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398) ;West, T. Eoin (57756844000) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Lozano, Rafael (7102198442) ;Fullman, Nancy (57211064970) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900) ;Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400) ;Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022) ;Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848) ;Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900) ;Abdela, Jemal (57200613000) ;Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783) ;Abdel-Rahman, Omar (55777635800) ;Abdi, Alireza (56845014200) ;Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900) ;Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816) ;Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje (57192680787) ;Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719) ;Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573) ;Abera, Semaw F. 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(36248136000)Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017(2018) ;Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700) ;Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691) ;Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (57191837748) ;Srinivasan, Vinay (57196077031) ;Abate, Degu (57204237665) ;Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858) ;Abay, Solomon M. 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(7006079405) ;Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107) ;Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895) ;Westerman, Ronny (57218361023) ;Whiteford, Harvey (55906494000) ;Widecka, Justyna (15047205800) ;Widecka, Katarzyna (36761868700) ;Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700) ;Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700) ;Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509) ;Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705) ;Wu, Shouling (57744442000) ;Wyper, Grant M.A. (56503829800) ;Xu, Gelin (57203583113) ;Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800) ;Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200) ;Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000) ;Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144) ;Ye, Pengpeng (57202839295) ;Yentür, Gökalp Kadri (57211728019) ;Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144) ;Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312) ;Yip, Paul (7102503720) ;Yisma, Engida (55556060700) ;Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657) ;Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900) ;Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800) ;Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000) ;Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585) ;Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428)Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license