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Browsing by Author "Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)"

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    Publication
    Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
    (2018)
    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
    ;
    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
    ;
    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
    ;
    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
    ;
    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
    ;
    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
    ;
    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
    ;
    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
    ;
    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
    ;
    Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
    ;
    Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
    ;
    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
    ;
    Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
    ;
    Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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    Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637)
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    Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
    ;
    Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500)
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    Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600)
    ;
    Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300)
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    Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000)
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    Adib, Mina G. (57204560513)
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    Admasie, Amha (56609274200)
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    Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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    Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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    Agesa, Kareha M. (57204562362)
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    Agrawal, Anurag (35214460700)
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    Agrawal, Sutapa (57202841733)
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    Ahmadi, Alireza (56336080700)
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    Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Ahmed, Sayem (58601030100)
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    Aichour, Amani Nidhal (57195486768)
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    Aichour, Ibtihel (57195485980)
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    Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine (57195488258)
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    Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil (56666938200)
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    Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (25633566800)
    ;
    Akseer, Nadia (57207801968)
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    Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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    Al-Eyadhy, Ayman (24554080400)
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    Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Alam, Khurshid (57203681299)
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    Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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    Alebel, Animut (57195961302)
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    Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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    Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700)
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    Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza (36024974700)
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    Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
    ;
    Alkerwi, Ala'a (57197724313)
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    Alla, Francois (6701580827)
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    Allebeck, Peter (7005187575)
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    Alonso, Jordi (7403482329)
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    Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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    Aminde, Leopold N. (56287711300)
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    Amini, Erfan (35073393800)
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    Ammar, Walid (57208159281)
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    Amoako, Yaw Ampem (44960986700)
    ;
    Anber, Nahla Hamed (57202351369)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Androudi, Sofia (6603286512)
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    Animut, Megbaru Debalkie (57204558749)
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    Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282)
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    Ansari, Hossein (56919376000)
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    Ansha, Mustafa Geleto (57195329453)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Anwari, Palwasha (57217465526)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Arnlov, Johan (6602512227)
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    Arora, Amit (36676951800)
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    Arora, Monika (8700408200)
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    Artaman, Al (57217223811)
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    Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052)
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    Asayesh, Hamid (55334322800)
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    Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay (57203306449)
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    Ataro, Zerihun (57204563849)
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    Atique, Suleman (56505419100)
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    Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900)
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    Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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    Avokpaho, Euripide F.G.A. (57209842037)
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    Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700)
    ;
    Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700)
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    Ayele, Yohanes (57195129631)
    ;
    Ayer, Rakesh (56051098100)
    ;
    Azzopardi, Peter S. (56861081000)
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    Babazadeh, Arefeh (57200079032)
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    Bacha, Umar (57200173721)
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    Badali, Hamid (15123728900)
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    Badawi, Alaa (57216776029)
    ;
    Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615)
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    Ballesteros, Katherine E. (57207968050)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Banerjee, Kajori (57193448932)
    ;
    Bannick, Marlena S. (57206834518)
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    Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar (57204568975)
    ;
    Barboza, Miguel A. (56650777100)
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    Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn (57193065514)
    ;
    Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barquera, Simon (6601928375)
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    Barrero, Lope H. (57208560675)
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    Bassat, Quique (23024176000)
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    Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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    Baune, Bernhard T. (6603807336)
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    Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw (57192710748)
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    Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (57205912040)
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    Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200)
    ;
    Beghi, Ettore (7004809655)
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    Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696)
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    Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000)
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    Bejot, Yannick (14038743100)
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    Bekele, Bayu Begashaw (57196083941)
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    Belachew, Abate Bekele (57201657313)
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    Belay, Ezra (56372891800)
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    Belay, Yihalem Abebe (57202972558)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Bello, Aminu K. (12759638700)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Bensenor, Isabela M. (7004830338)
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    Berman, Adam E. (7201959854)
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    Bernabe, Eduardo (57194696150)
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    Bernstein, Robert S. (56971681200)
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    Bertolacci, Gregory J. (57204558417)
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    Beuran, Mircea (25229806700)
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    Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763)
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    Bhalla, Ashish (57202555305)
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    Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200)
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    Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep (55643126300)
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    Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (24342648300)
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    Biadgo, Belete (55672090500)
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    Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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    Bilano, Ver (57189663783)
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    Bililign, Nigus (57216264444)
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    Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat (55408904500)
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    Bisanzio, Donal (57196394991)
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    Biswas, Tuhin (59824959000)
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    Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381)
    ;
    Basara, Berrak Bora (23089934500)
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    Borschmann, Rohan (35091024300)
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    Bosetti, Cristina (7005452936)
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    Bozorgmehr, Kayvan (34767823500)
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    Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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    Brant, Luisa C. (40160889400)
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    Brayne, Carol (57210386759)
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    Brazinova, Alexandra (57216996405)
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    Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)
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    Brenner, Hermann (7201832825)
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    Briant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)
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    Britton, Gabrielle (7004997832)
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    Brugha, Traolach (35370057100)
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    Busse, Reinhard (35589070800)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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    Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919)
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    Cano, Jorge (7201865982)
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    Car, Mate (57113377700)
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    Cardenas, Rosario (57216482927)
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    Carreras, Giulia (57221176357)
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    Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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    Carter, Austin (57201756395)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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    Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline (57197814657)
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    Castle, Chris D. (57196079840)
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    Castro, Clara (54787333700)
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    Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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    Catala-Lopez, Ferran (57202553733)
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    Cerin, Ester (14522064200)
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    Chaiah, Yazan (57204565480)
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    Chang, Jung-Chen (57202568248)
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    Charlson, Fiona J. (57191632086)
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    Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
    ;
    Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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    Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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    Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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    Chitheer, Abdulaal (57209314488)
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    Chowdhury, Rajiv (57216138475)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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    Cicuttini, Flavia M. (7005887430)
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    Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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    Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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    Cohen, Aaron J. (7404780942)
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    Cooper, Leslie Trumbull (15754277900)
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    Cortesi, Paolo Angelo (57200306512)
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    Cortinovis, Monica (57207893885)
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    Cousin, Ewerton (57194620705)
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    Cowie, Benjamin C. (57202566182)
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    Criqui, Michael H. (57212369327)
    ;
    Cromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)
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    Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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    Crump, John A. (57202595111)
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    Cunningham, Matthew (57204558787)
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    Daba, Alemneh Kabeta (57203300408)
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    Dadi, Abel Fekadu (57031690900)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
    ;
    Dang, Anh Kim (57195728465)
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    Dargan, Paul I. (57212154356)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    Das, Siddharth K. (55362129800)
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    Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060)
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    Neves, Jose Das (57208073193)
    ;
    Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402)
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    Dash, Aditya Prasad (57205497428)
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    Davis, Adrian C. (7404296836)
    ;
    Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193)
    ;
    Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163)
    ;
    Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
    ;
    De La Hoz, Fernando Pio (23134262800)
    ;
    De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
    ;
    Degefa, Meaza Girma (57204559873)
    ;
    Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
    ;
    Degfie, Tizta T. (57194129130)
    ;
    Deiparine, Selina (57205252200)
    ;
    Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
    ;
    Demtsu, Balem Betsu (57204566544)
    ;
    Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
    ;
    Deribe, Kebede (57193912587)
    ;
    Dervenis, Nikolaos (35368148900)
    ;
    Des Jarlais, Don C. (56990451200)
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    Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866)
    ;
    Dey, Subhojit (25958052600)
    ;
    Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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    Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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    Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese (57201669580)
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    Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
    ;
    Dirac, M. Ashworth (57193092988)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Dokova, Klara (57201523771)
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    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
    ;
    Donnelly, Christl A. (35468127900)
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    Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
    ;
    Doshi, Pratik P. (57202595536)
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    Douwes-Schultz, Dirk (57196081398)
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    Doyle, Kerrie E. (55693710800)
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    Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
    ;
    Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
    ;
    Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600)
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    Duken, Eyasu Ejeta (57204560558)
    ;
    Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
    ;
    Duraes, Andre R. (30867558600)
    ;
    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
    ;
    Ebrahimpour, Soheil (57204558416)
    ;
    Edessa, Dumessa (56922334200)
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    Edvardsson, David (35229255500)
    ;
    Eggen, Anne Elise (7007019553)
    ;
    El Bcheraoui, Charbel (25027689700)
    ;
    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
    ;
    El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000)
    ;
    Elkout, Hajer (36102315300)
    ;
    Ellingsen, Christian Lycke (7801360950)
    ;
    Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
    ;
    Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
    ;
    Er, Benjamin (57204568328)
    ;
    Erskine, Holly E. (57202798676)
    ;
    Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
    ;
    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
    ;
    Esmaeili, Reza (57193352042)
    ;
    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Fakhar, Mahdi (24168542800)
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    Fakhim, Hamed (56532027000)
    ;
    Faramarzi, Mahbobeh (8928307700)
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    Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600)
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    Farhadi, Farzaneh (55869726400)
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    Farinha, Carla Sofia Esá (57190279273)
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    Faro, Andre (36770969600)
    ;
    Farvid, Maryam S. (57216534761)
    ;
    Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
    ;
    Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein (36458335600)
    ;
    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Feigl, Andrea B. (57202461042)
    ;
    Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400)
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    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
    ;
    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
    ;
    Fernandes, Joao C. (35274726800)
    ;
    Ferrari, Alize J. (57195348907)
    ;
    Feyissa, Garumma Tolu (55504728900)
    ;
    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
    ;
    Finegold, Samuel (57195558156)
    ;
    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
    ;
    Fitzmaurice, Christina (57212628757)
    ;
    Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)
    ;
    Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
    ;
    Fornari, Carla (15022250200)
    ;
    Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
    ;
    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
    ;
    Fuller, John E. (57204565664)
    ;
    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
    ;
    Furst, Thomas (57208431345)
    ;
    Furtado, Joao M. (36801755000)
    ;
    Futran, Neal D. (35554564000)
    ;
    Gallus, Silvano (7005387365)
    ;
    Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
    ;
    Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A. (55930749500)
    ;
    Gardner, William M. (57204566870)
    ;
    Gebre, Abadi Kahsu (59426751000)
    ;
    Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde (57216482917)
    ;
    Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay (57202566187)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Bereket (57191254167)
    ;
    Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo (57204566728)
    ;
    Gelano, Tilayie Feto (57200628899)
    ;
    Geleijnse, Johanna M. (35195702500)
    ;
    Genova-Maleras, Ricard (15070563900)
    ;
    Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310)
    ;
    Gething, Peter W. (57193559189)
    ;
    Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611)
    ;
    Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul (57204797800)
    ;
    Ghadimi, Reza (57202290802)
    ;
    Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil (15724975400)
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    Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam (55371171100)
    ;
    Ghimire, Mamata (57190385188)
    ;
    Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104)
    ;
    Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
    ;
    Gill, Tiffany K. (8545441900)
    ;
    Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331)
    ;
    Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390)
    ;
    Giroud, Maurice (7203027541)
    ;
    Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076)
    ;
    Goenka, Shifalika (57217111080)
    ;
    Goldberg, Ellen M. (57191842703)
    ;
    Goli, Srinivas (39761832500)
    ;
    Gomez-Dantes, Hector (57202555692)
    ;
    Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762)
    ;
    Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891)
    ;
    Gorman, Taren M. (57204559340)
    ;
    Goto, Atsushi (57193212299)
    ;
    Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348)
    ;
    Gnedovskaya, Elena V. (56806916500)
    ;
    Grada, Ayman (55797741000)
    ;
    Grosso, Giuseppe (57196998256)
    ;
    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
    ;
    Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena (7102920800)
    ;
    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
    ;
    Gupta, Prakash C. (58767181900)
    ;
    Gupta, Rahul (57204120071)
    ;
    Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
    ;
    Gupta, Tanush (57219956402)
    ;
    Gutierrez, Reyna Alma (57200298415)
    ;
    Gyawali, Bishal (56237046200)
    ;
    Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125)
    ;
    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
    ;
    Hagos, Tekleberhan B. (57204236893)
    ;
    Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa (57202206322)
    ;
    Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263)
    ;
    Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364)
    ;
    Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352)
    ;
    Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526)
    ;
    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
    ;
    Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398)
    ;
    Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661)
    ;
    Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122)
    ;
    Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (57202524069)
    ;
    Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903)
    ;
    Hasan, Mehedi (57908537100)
    ;
    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
    ;
    Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
    ;
    Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728)
    ;
    Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200)
    ;
    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
    ;
    He, Yihua (57204561423)
    ;
    Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar (35867288600)
    ;
    Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
    ;
    Heibati, Behzad (55341086000)
    ;
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    GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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    Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))
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    Towbin, Jeffrey A. (7102520568)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
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    Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565)
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    Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907)
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    Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442)
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    Tudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100)
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    Tuzcu, E. Murat (7005951350)
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    Tymeson, Hayley D. (57194139009)
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    Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475)
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    Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
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    Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
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    Updike, Rachel L. (57204698680)
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    Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600)
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    Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Van Donkelaar, Aaron (15926418500)
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    Varavikova, Elena (7801408611)
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    Varughese, Santosh (22942817500)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (23096834700)
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    Venkateswaran, Vidhya (59829999400)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Villafaina, Santos (57195804127)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
    Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2020)
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    Mitchell, Philip B. (35354747000)
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    Mohamadi, Efat (57202198397)
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    Mohammad, Dara K. (43161421200)
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    Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710)
    Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2020)
    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Moghadam, Telma Zahirian (57201718494)
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    Zandian, Hamed (57205175627)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhao, Jeff T. (57221069965)
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    Zhao, Xiu-Ju George (8360350900)
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    Zhao, Yingxi (57194059646)
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    Zheng, Peng (57213707656)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Zimsen, Stephanie R. M. (57196078433)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
    Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
    (2015)
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    Yun Jin, Kim (57190155872)
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    Zamakhshary, Mohammed Fouad (22837435200)
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    Zeeb, Hajo (57203073012)
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    Zhang, Yong (55891238500)
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    Zhao, Yong (59798995400)
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    Hu, H. (55740738900)
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    Sabin, N. (57202568454)
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    Temesgen, A.M. (56541894900)
    Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65·3 years (UI 65·0-65·6) in 1990, to 71·5 years (UI 71·0-71·9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47·5 million (UI 46·8-48·2) to 54·9 million (UI 53·6-56·3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute differences between countries decreased but relative differences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative differences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10·7%, from 4·3 million deaths in 1990 to 4·8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specific mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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    Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600)
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    Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127)
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    Sharafi, Kiomars (57194516056)
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    Sharif, Mehdi (16022734200)
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    Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi (35108018000)
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    Sharma, Meenakshi (58730797800)
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    Sharma, Jayendra (57195329457)
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    Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600)
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    She, Jun (57209122131)
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    Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962)
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    Sheth, Kevin N. (57212863894)
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    Shi, Peilin (57203064901)
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    Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900)
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    Shifa, Girma Temam (57211793093)
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    Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay (57205232012)
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    Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000)
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    Shiri, Rahman (57200737050)
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    Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400)
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    Shiue, Ivy (35811219800)
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    Shokraneh, Farhad (36146063000)
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    Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404)
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    Shukla, Sharvari Rahul (55760856000)
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    Si, Si (56706979500)
    Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
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    Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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    Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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    Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
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    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
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    Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
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    Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
    Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    (2024)
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    Rahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)
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    Rahmani, Shayan (57226290079)
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    Youshanlouei, Hamed Rahmani (57745852100)
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    Rahmati, Masoud (55802046400)
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    Raj Moolambally, Sheetal (57199730439)
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    Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali (57118287000)
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    Ramadan, Hazem (55502685800)
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    Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran (58321724400)
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    Ramasubramani, Premkumar (59722112000)
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    Ramazanu, Sheena (57211945291)
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    Rancic, Nemanja (54941042300)
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    Rao, Indu Ramachandra (57195308442)
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    Rao, Sowmya J. (57195423591)
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    Rapaka, Deepthi (56394669700)
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    Rashedi, Vahid (55775014100)
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    Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa (57463539300)
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    Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi (57324471900)
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    Rashidi Alavijeh, Mehran (58704651700)
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    Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan (57222281825)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Razo, Christian (57203531684)
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    Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed (59012858000)
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    Bana, Atefe Rekabi (59027770000)
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    Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600)
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    Rezaei, Nazila (36700192900)
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    Rezaei, Negar (57218820767)
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    Rezaei, Nima (57216077273)
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    Rezaeian, Mohsen (15053682700)
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    Rhee, Taeho Gregory (56373089300)
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    Riad, Abanoub (57218221621)
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    Robinson, Stephen R. (7402673969)
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    Rodrigues, Mónica (57206840982)
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    Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia (22936575000)
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    Roever, Leonardo (56641632800)
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    Rogowski, Emma L. B. (57218889998)
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    Romoli, Michele (56592186200)
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    Ronfani, Luca (58842981900)
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    Roy, Priyanka (58956986100)
    Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 World Health Organization
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2019)
    Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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    Nichols, Emma (57205756163)
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    Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
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    Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein (36458335600)
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    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Feyissa, Garumma Tolu (55504728900)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A. (55930749500)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300)
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    Zare, Zohreh (35436578700)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Murray, Christopher J L. (55481130700)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
    Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2017)
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    Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
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    Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
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    Duncan, Sarah (57199417426)
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    Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
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    El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad (54908919000)
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    Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale (58294633600)
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    Sur, Patrick J. (57218360398)
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    Swaminathan, Soumya (7102380757)
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    Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396)
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    Szoeke, Cassandra E.I. (6505920990)
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    Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102)
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    Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar (57207799926)
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    Takahashi, Ken (55741242600)
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    Takala, Jukka S. (35425471300)
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    Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756)
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    Tanner, Marcel (7202127772)
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    Tarekegn, Yihunie L. (57202809688)
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    Tavakkoli, Mohammad (57202524239)
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    Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw (57216998561)
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    Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020)
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    Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman (57211144258)
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    Tesssema, Belay (57195294962)
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    Thakur, J.S. (57204002123)
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    Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435)
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    Theis, Andrew M. (57196076787)
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    Thomas, Matthew Lloyd (57191835351)
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    Thomson, Alan J. (57969994200)
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    Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534)
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    Torre, Anna (57196074351)
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    Tortajada, Miguel (16242320900)
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    Touvier, Mathilde (8877033300)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Updike, Rachel (57204698680)
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    Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
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    Van Boven, Job F.M. (53464198500)
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    Van Donkelaar, Aaron (15926418500)
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    Varughese, Santosh (22942817500)
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    Vasankari, Tommi (57200592416)
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    Veerman, Lennert J. (8222114200)
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    Venkateswaran, Vidhya (59829999400)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
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    Vladimirov, Sergey K. (57195959162)
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    Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich (57211633239)
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    Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Wadilo, Fiseha (57194049305)
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    Wakayo, Tolassa (57205609717)
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    Wallin, Mitchell T. (57201573668)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    Weichenthal, Scott (57202555239)
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    Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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    Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405)
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    Weiss, Daniel J. (8609275600)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Woldeyes, Belete Getahun (57195329524)
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    Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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    Woodbrook, Rachel (57200298006)
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    Workicho, Abdulhalik (56720337100)
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    Wulf Hanson, Sarah (57212263269)
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    Xavier, Denis (55403963100)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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    Yakob, Bereket (57203811497)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yimam, Hassen Hamid (57196325590)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    Zavala-Arciniega, Luis (57196083471)
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    Zhang, Xueying (56283378700)
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    Zimsen, Stephanie Raman M. (57196078433)
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    Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined. Findings: Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124.1 million DALYs [95% UI 111.2 million to 137.0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122.2 million DALYs [110.3 million to 133.3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83.0 million DALYs [78.3 million to 87.7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89.9 million DALYs [80.9 million to 98.2 million]), high body-mass index (64.8 million DALYs [44.4 million to 87.6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63.8 million DALYs [53.2 million to 76.3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9.3% (6.9-11.6) decline in deaths and a 10.8% (8.3-13.1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14.9% (12.7-17.5) of deaths and 6.2% (3.9-8.7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of deaths and 12.4% (10.1-14.9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27.3% (24.9-29.7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks. Interpretation: Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition
    (2015)
    Murray, Christopher J. L. (57224556036)
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    Barber, Ryan M. (57202560423)
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    Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
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    Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
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    Aboyans, Victor (56214736500)
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    Jeemon, Panniyammakal (57216324831)
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    Jensen, Paul N. (57224209864)
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    Jha, Vivekanand (7005119423)
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    Jiang, Guohong (56984997300)
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    Jiang, Ying (57216138470)
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    Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953)
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    Juel, Knud (7005077250)
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    Kan, Haidong (7101602991)
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    Karch, André (57223444197)
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    Karema, Corine K. (57202557522)
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    Karimkhani, Chante (57210249332)
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    Karthikeyan, Ganesan (57188672173)
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    Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (57202562224)
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    Kaul, Anil (16156995700)
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    Kawakami, Norito (35377339000)
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    Kazanjan, Konstantin (57193091626)
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    Kemp, Andrew H. (57218313462)
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    Kengne, Andre P. (7801322838)
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    Keren, Andre (7005620132)
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    Khader, Yousef S. (55654192600)
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    Khalifa, Shams Eldin A. (59831217100)
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    Khan, Ejaz A. (57218791274)
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    Khan, Gulfaraz (6701635515)
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    Khang, Young-Ho (57198904674)
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    Kieling, Christian (57218820714)
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    Kim, Daniel (57223019104)
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    Kim, Sungroul (57218664381)
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    Kim, Yunjin (57211086375)
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    Kinfu, Yohannes (12770281900)
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    Kinge, Jonas M. (56133084600)
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    Knibbs, Luke D. (16313525200)
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    Knudsen, Ann Kristin (57192966362)
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    Kokubo, Yoshihiro (56155004000)
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    Kosen, Soewarta (57211346192)
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    Krishnaswami, Sanjay (7101616028)
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    Defo, Barthelemy Kuate (6602271655)
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    Bicer, Burcu Kucuk (57204528360)
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    Kulkarni, Chanda (59869378300)
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    Kulkarni, Veena S. (57200084922)
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    Kumar, G Anil (57139550500)
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    Kyu, Hmwe H. (57217040073)
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    Lai, Taavi (57196395162)
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    Lalloo, Ratilal (57189334553)
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    Lallukka, Tea (6508300634)
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    Lam, Hilton (35484312600)
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    Larsson, Anders (56381985300)
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    Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B. (57202559908)
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    Leasher, Janet L. (57197789738)
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    Leigh, James (7202089604)
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    Leung, Ricky (56276497100)
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    Levitz, Carly E. (55522551800)
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    Li, Bin (59811800700)
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    Li, Yichong (57218426673)
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    Li, Yongmei (56147667800)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Lind, Maggie (57189271761)
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    Lipshultz, Steven E. (7006950713)
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    Liu, Shiwei (57209574351)
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    Liu, Yang (57202561981)
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    Logroscino, Giancarlo (7004888005)
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    Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie (57192408493)
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    Lucas, Robyn M. (57216683912)
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    Lunevicius, Raimundas (57216165063)
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    Pereira, David M. (57200690024)
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    Perez-Padilla, Rogelio (57200171315)
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    Perez-Ruiz, Fernando (57190090281)
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    Perico, Norberto (56481931200)
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    Pervaiz, Aslam (57202521714)
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    Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721)
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    Peterson, Carrie B. (57202568667)
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    Petzold, Max (7003628893)
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    Phillips, Michael R. (57206972395)
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    Phillips, Bryan K. (56132903100)
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    Phillips, David E. (57202564185)
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    Plass, Dietrich (57217142114)
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    Poenaru, Dan (7004383820)
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    Polinder, Suzanne (12766122200)
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    Pope, Daniel (7102019067)
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    Popova, Svetlana (56848085800)
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    Poulton, Richie G. (7006256743)
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    Prabhakaran, Dorairaj (7004283783)
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    Pullan, Rachel L. (57217465451)
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    Qato, Dima M. (57200144916)
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    Quistberg, D Alex (57212182805)
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    Rafay, Anwar (57212263323)
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    Rahimi, Kazem (58482212900)
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    Rahman, Sajjad U. (15835524800)
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    Raju, Murugesan (57212263299)
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    Rana, Saleem M. (57204884092)
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    Razavi, Homie (57220362651)
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    Reddy, K Srinath (35417788900)
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    Refaat, Amany (57216641565)
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    Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600)
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    Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071)
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    Ribeiro, Antonio L. (57204577960)
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    Richardson, Lee (57109889900)
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    Richardus, Jan Hendrik (57190669143)
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    Roberts, D Allen (57188657365)
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    Rojas-Rueda, David (57203642966)
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    Ronfani, Luca (6602565620)
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    Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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    Rothenbacher, Dietrich (7004765162)
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    Rothstein, David H. (14120198000)
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    Rowley, Jane T. (57210586500)
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    Roy, Nobhojit (7101831881)
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    Ruhago, George M. (50761517500)
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    Saeedi, Mohammad Y. (57214986820)
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    Saha, Sukanta (57201341251)
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    Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600)
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    Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A. (57208140556)
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    Sanabria, Juan R. (7006262917)
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    Sandar, Logan (57202561352)
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    Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911)
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    Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691)
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    Sawhney, Monika (57217153893)
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    Scarborough, Peter (6602753656)
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    Schneider, Ione J. (57201292772)
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    Schöttker, Ben (37665918200)
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    Schumacher, Austin E. (57209276410)
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    Schwebel, David C. (6603681532)
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    Scott, James G. (57218307442)
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    Seedat, Soraya (7003445887)
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    Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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    Serina, Peter T. (57217111199)
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    Servan-Mori, Edson E. (57202594826)
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    Shackelford, Katya A. (57202959163)
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    Shaheen, Amira (57202560956)
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    Shahraz, Saeid (57215142060)
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    Levy, Teresa Shamah (57219431344)
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    Shangguan, Siyi (55983936400)
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    She, Jun (57209122131)
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    Sheikhbahaei, Sara (57219637352)
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    Shi, Peilin (57203064901)
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    Shibuya, Kenji (8948057900)
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    Shinohara, Yukito (57203303862)
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    Shiri, Rahman (57200737050)
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    Shishani, Kawkab (14025005500)
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    Shiue, Ivy (35811219800)
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    Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404)
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    Sigfusdottir, Inga D. (57214359118)
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    Silberberg, Donald H. (57223420256)
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    Simard, Edgar P. (57211913376)
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    Sindi, Shireen (57209045912)
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    Singh, Abhishek (59639211800)
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    Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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    Singh, Lavanya (55823444300)
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    Skirbekk, Vegard (57202564482)
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    Slepak, Erica Leigh (57205356367)
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    Sliwa, Karen (57207223988)
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    Soneji, Samir (57204096389)
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    Søreide, Kjetil (57223946984)
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    Soshnikov, Sergey (57195195606)
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    Sposato, Luciano A. (57212940232)
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    Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)
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    Stanaway, Jeffrey D. (57201210928)
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    Stathopoulou, Vasiliki (57195644148)
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    Stein, Dan J. (55769747595)
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    Stein, Murray B. (7402996817)
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    Steiner, Caitlyn (57205358084)
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    Steiner, Timothy J. (16837503200)
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    Stevens, Antony (23053294800)
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    Stewart, Andrea (57191616973)
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    Stovner, Lars J. (57201788390)
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    Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos (57211777127)
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    Sunguya, Bruno F. (57209060557)
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    Swaminathan, Soumya (57211728266)
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    Swaroop, Mamta (8635158800)
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    Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396)
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    Tabb, Karen M. (51162023700)
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    Takahashi, Ken (55741242600)
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    Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756)
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    Tanne, David (7006302238)
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    Tanner, Marcel (7202127772)
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    Tavakkoli, Mohammad (57202524239)
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    Taylor, Hugh R. (55550572900)
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    Te Ao, Braden J. (55480837300)
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    Tediosi, Fabrizio (6603388399)
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    Temesgen, Awoke M. (56541894900)
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    Templin, Tara (56133572500)
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    Ten Have, Margreet (6603667511)
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    Tenkorang, Eric Y. (57216997115)
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    Terkawi, Abdullah S. (57211144258)
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    Thomson, Blake (57194423183)
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    Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L. (57194437700)
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    Thrift, Amanda G. (7004824524)
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    Thurston, George D. (7102270013)
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    Tillmann, Taavi (57190211142)
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    Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534)
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    Topouzis, Fotis (57194262710)
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    Toyoshima, Hideaki (7103228330)
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    Traebert, Jefferson (57190586198)
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    Tran, Bach X. (57209107515)
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    Trillini, Matias (57202555050)
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    Truelsen, Thomas (57202824565)
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    Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis (6701721894)
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    Tuzcu, Emin M. (7005951350)
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    Uchendu, Uche S. (56328470200)
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    Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
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    Uzun, Selen B. (57200327315)
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    Van Brakel, Wim H. (7003932009)
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    Van De Vijver, Steven (57202554753)
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    Van Gool, Coen H. (57217153933)
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    Van Os, Jim (7102358027)
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    Vasankari, Tommi J. (57200592416)
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    Venketasubramanian, N (56804702100)
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    Wan, Xia (59833223800)
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    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Wang, Jianli (9250575900)
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    Wang, Linhong (57303731300)
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    Warouw, Tati S. (57202569029)
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    Weichenthal, Scott (57202555239)
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    Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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    Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405)
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    Wenzhi, Wang (57193892187)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Wilkinson, James D. (57207903571)
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    Williams, Thomas N. (35430527200)
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    Wolock, Timothy M. (57210784314)
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    Wulf, Sarah (57212263269)
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    Wurtz, Brittany (57202555477)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Ye, Pengpeng (57202839295)
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    Yentür, Gökalp K. (57211728019)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57201889726)
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    Zaki, Maysaa E. (57203666922)
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    Zhao, Yong (59798995400)
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    Zheng, Yingfeng (58918045300)
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    Zonies, David (6507066392)
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    Zou, Xiaonong (57216284159)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
    Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition - in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden - is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57201889726)
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    Kim, Kim Yun (56809537500)
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    Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed (57203666922)
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    Zhang, Yong (59821743000)
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    Zhao, Zheng (57221109851)
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    Zhao, Yong (59798995400)
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    Zhu, Jun (56215097100)
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    Zunt, Joseph R. (6602746216)
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    Salomon, Joshua A. (56745638600)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Publication
    Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    James, Spencer L. (57202557998)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107)
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    Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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    West, T. Eoin (57756844000)
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    Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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    Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
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    Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700)
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    Wilner, Lauren B. (57193699787)
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    Wilson, Shadrach (57204557765)
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    Winkler, Andrea Sylvia (58323746700)
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    Wiyeh, Alison B. (57196222987)
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    Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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    Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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    Woolf, Anthony D. (7102882171)
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    Wu, Shouling (57744442000)
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    Wu, Yun-Chun (56095674500)
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    Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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    Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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    Yadollahpour, Ali (57204564896)
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    Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein (26029029100)
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    Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800)
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    Yan, Lijing L. (57198311895)
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    Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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    Yaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)
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    Yasin, Yasin Jemal (57204565144)
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    Yeshaneh, Alex (57204564144)
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    Yimer, Ebrahim M. (57202256312)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yisma, Engida (55556060700)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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    Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousefifard, Mahmoud (57204566585)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zadnik, Vesna (57202975428)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zare, Zohreh (35436578700)
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    Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860)
    Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2017)
    Wang, Haidong (16507828100)
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    Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu (57203613441)
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    Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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    Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707)
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    Abera, Semaw Ferede (57205180598)
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    Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    Zeeb, Hajo (57203073012)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900)
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    Zhang, Anthony Lin (56391112900)
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    Zhang, Xueying (56283378700)
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    Lopez, Alan D. (7401455668)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates - a measure of relative inequality - increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. Copyright © The Author(s).
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    Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015
    (2017)
    Barber, Ryan M. (57202560423)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57201889726)
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    Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos (57193255530)
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    Zapata, Tomas (57194968519)
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    Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
    Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0-42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2-55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Publication
    Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
    (2018)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
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    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
    Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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    Publication
    Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2018)
    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
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    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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    Schneider, Ione J. C. (57201292772)
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    Schöttker, Ben (37665918200)
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    Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352)
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    Schwebel, David C. (6603681532)
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    Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600)
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    Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)
    Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2020)
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    Smith, Emma U R (57224807295)
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    Soriano, Joan B (7101973935)
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    Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth (57218543838)
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    Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T (57212263335)
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    Stanaway, Jeffrey D (57201210928)
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    Steel, Nicholas (6603791873)
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    Stein, Caroline (57196039610)
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    Stokes, Mark A (7102859000)
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    Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (58294633600)
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    Tabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400)
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    Tamiru, Animut Tagele (57218877788)
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    Tanser, Frank C (6603089893)
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    Tarigan, Ingan Ukur (54080771800)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Murray, Christopher J L (57224556036)
    Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings: Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation: The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    SiPP (Stroke in Pregnancy and Postpartum): A prospective, observational, international, multicentre study on pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical profile, management and outcome of cerebrovascular diseases in pregnant and postpartum women
    (2020)
    Lorenzano, Svetlana (7801634880)
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    Kremer, Christine (7006969699)
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    Pavlovic, Aleksandra (7003808508)
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    Jovanovic, Dejana R (55419203900)
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    Sandset, Else Charlotte (16064271000)
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    Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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    Bushnell, Cheryl (7003944817)
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    Arsovska, Anita (15041552300)
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    Sprigg, Nikola (8852214500)
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    Roffe, Christine (6603757999)
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    Ijäs, Petra (6601999776)
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    Gdovinova, Zuzana (55853909700)
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    Alexandrov, Anne (57452600600)
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    Zedde, Marialuisa (25642146100)
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    Tassi, Rossana (6602551561)
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    Acciaresi, Monica (57204785809)
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    Lantz, Maria (55539947000)
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    Sunnerhagen, Katharina (57213827346)
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    Zarkov, Marija (24068116700)
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    Rantanen, Kirsi (8082007800)
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    Perren, Fabienne (6601965273)
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    Iversen, Helle K (57189220342)
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    Kruuse, Christina (6602560054)
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    Slowik, Agnieszka (7003402903)
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    Palazzo, Paola (16307958600)
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    Korv, Janika (6602337786)
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    Fromm, Annette (36975077800)
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    Lovrencic-Huzjan, Arijana (56116189900)
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    Korompoki, Eleni (57188640319)
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    Fonseca, Ana Catarina (16452610900)
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    Gall, Seana L (7005385955)
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    Brunner, Freimuth (35191655000)
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    Caso, Valeria (55401514700)
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    Sacco, Simona (55751819500)
    Rationale: Cerebrovascular diseases associated with pregnancy and postpartum period are uncommon; however, they can have an important impact on health of both women and foetus or newborn. Aims: To evaluate the frequency, characteristics and management of cerebrovascular events in pregnant/postpartum women, to clarify pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the occurrence of these events including biomolecular aspects, and to assess the short- and long-term cerebrovascular and global cardiovascular outcome of these patients, their predictors and infant outcome. Methods and design: This is an observational, prospective, multicentre, international case–control study. The study will include patients with cerebrovascular events during pregnancy and/or within six months after delivery. For each included case, two controls will be prospectively recruited: one pregnant or puerperal subject without any history of cerebrovascular event and one non-pregnant or non-puerperal subject with a recent cerebrovascular event. All controls will be matched by age, ethnicity and type of cerebrovascular event with their assigned cases. The pregnant controls will be matched also by pregnancy weeks/trimester. Follow-up will last 24 months for the mother and 12 months for the infant. Summary: To better understand causes and outcomes of uncommon conditions like pregnancy/postpartum-related cerebrovascular events, the development of multisite, multidisciplinary registry-based studies, such as the Stroke in Pregnancy and Postpartum study, is needed in order to collect an adequate number of patients, draw reliable conclusions and give definite recommendations on their management. © European Stroke Organisation 2019.
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