Browsing by Author "Bannick, Marlena S. (57206834518)"

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Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))
(2018)
Roth, Gregory A. (55074747400)
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Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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Abate, Kalkidan Hassen (57207943858)
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Abay, Solomon M. (35306466900)
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Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
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Abbasi, Nooshin (57212442022)
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Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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Abdela, Jemal (57200613000)
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Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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Abebe, Haftom Temesgen (55950002100)
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Abebe, Molla (57211131124)
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Abebe, Zegeye (57193002719)
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Abejie, Ayenew Negesse (57203015573)
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Abera, Semaw F. (57205180598)
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Abil, Olifan Zewdie (57204558002)
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Abraha, Haftom Niguse (57195289877)
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Abrham, Aklilu Roba (57202704637)
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Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal (14032724700)
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Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500)
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Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600)
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Adamu, Abdu A. (57202024381)
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Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300)
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Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000)
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Adib, Mina G. (57204560513)
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Admasie, Amha (56609274200)
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Afshin, Ashkan (57217465455)
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Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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Agesa, Kareha M. (57204562362)
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Agrawal, Anurag (35214460700)
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Agrawal, Sutapa (57202841733)
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Ahmadi, Alireza (56336080700)
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Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000)
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Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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Ahmed, Sayem (58601030100)
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Aichour, Amani Nidhal (57195486768)
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Aichour, Ibtihel (57195485980)
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Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine (57195488258)
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Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil (56666938200)
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Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (25633566800)
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Akseer, Nadia (57207801968)
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Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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Al-Eyadhy, Ayman (24554080400)
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Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)
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Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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Alam, Khurshid (57203681299)
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Alam, Tahiya (57205589820)
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Alebel, Animut (57195961302)
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Alene, Kefyalew Addis (57202583764)
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Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700)
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Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza (36024974700)
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Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
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Alkerwi, Ala'a (57197724313)
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Alla, Francois (6701580827)
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Allebeck, Peter (7005187575)
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Alonso, Jordi (7403482329)
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Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923)
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Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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Aminde, Leopold N. (56287711300)
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Amini, Erfan (35073393800)
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Ammar, Walid (57208159281)
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Amoako, Yaw Ampem (44960986700)
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Anber, Nahla Hamed (57202351369)
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Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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Androudi, Sofia (6603286512)
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Animut, Megbaru Debalkie (57204558749)
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Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282)
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Ansari, Hossein (56919376000)
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Ansha, Mustafa Geleto (57195329453)
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Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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Anwari, Palwasha (57217465526)
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Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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Arnlov, Johan (6602512227)
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Arora, Amit (36676951800)
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Arora, Monika (8700408200)
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Artaman, Al (57217223811)
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Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052)
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Asayesh, Hamid (55334322800)
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Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay (57203306449)
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Ataro, Zerihun (57204563849)
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Atique, Suleman (56505419100)
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Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900)
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Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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Avokpaho, Euripide F.G.A. (57209842037)
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Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700)
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Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700)
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Ayele, Yohanes (57195129631)
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Ayer, Rakesh (56051098100)
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Azzopardi, Peter S. (56861081000)
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Babazadeh, Arefeh (57200079032)
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Bacha, Umar (57200173721)
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Badali, Hamid (15123728900)
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Badawi, Alaa (57216776029)
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Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615)
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Ballesteros, Katherine E. (57207968050)
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Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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Banerjee, Kajori (57193448932)
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Bannick, Marlena S. (57206834518)
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Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar (57204568975)
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Barboza, Miguel A. (56650777100)
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Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn (57193065514)
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Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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Barquera, Simon (6601928375)
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Barrero, Lope H. (57208560675)
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Bassat, Quique (23024176000)
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Basu, Sanjay (9335409500)
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Baune, Bernhard T. (6603807336)
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Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw (57192710748)
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Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad (57205912040)
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Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200)
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Beghi, Ettore (7004809655)
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Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696)
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Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000)
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Bejot, Yannick (14038743100)
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Bekele, Bayu Begashaw (57196083941)
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Belachew, Abate Bekele (57201657313)
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Belay, Ezra (56372891800)
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Belay, Yihalem Abebe (57202972558)
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Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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Bello, Aminu K. (12759638700)
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Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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Bensenor, Isabela M. (7004830338)
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Berman, Adam E. (7201959854)
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Bernabe, Eduardo (57194696150)
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Bernstein, Robert S. (56971681200)
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Bertolacci, Gregory J. (57204558417)
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Beuran, Mircea (25229806700)
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Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763)
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Bhalla, Ashish (57202555305)
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Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200)
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Bhaumik, Soumyadeeep (55643126300)
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Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (24342648300)
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Biadgo, Belete (55672090500)
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Biehl, Molly H. (57196041812)
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Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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Bilano, Ver (57189663783)
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Bililign, Nigus (57216264444)
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Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat (55408904500)
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Bisanzio, Donal (57196394991)
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Biswas, Tuhin (59824959000)
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Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381)
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Basara, Berrak Bora (23089934500)
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Borschmann, Rohan (35091024300)
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Bosetti, Cristina (7005452936)
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Bozorgmehr, Kayvan (34767823500)
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Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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Brant, Luisa C. (40160889400)
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Brayne, Carol (57210386759)
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Brazinova, Alexandra (57216996405)
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Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)
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Brenner, Hermann (7201832825)
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Briant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)
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Britton, Gabrielle (7004997832)
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Brugha, Traolach (35370057100)
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Busse, Reinhard (35589070800)
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Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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Callender, Charlton S.K.H. (57195560691)
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Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919)
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Cano, Jorge (7201865982)
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Car, Mate (57113377700)
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Cardenas, Rosario (57216482927)
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Carreras, Giulia (57221176357)
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Carrero, Juan J. (16834646800)
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Carter, Austin (57201756395)
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Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. (35769124700)
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Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline (57197814657)
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Castle, Chris D. (57196079840)
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Castro, Clara (54787333700)
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Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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Catala-Lopez, Ferran (57202553733)
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Cerin, Ester (14522064200)
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Chaiah, Yazan (57204565480)
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Chang, Jung-Chen (57202568248)
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Charlson, Fiona J. (57191632086)
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Chaturvedi, Pankaj (35547314900)
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Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia (59846886500)
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Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel (57217262222)
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Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe (56761895800)
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Chitheer, Abdulaal (57209314488)
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Chowdhury, Rajiv (57216138475)
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Christensen, Hanne (57202099623)
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Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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Chung, Sheng-Chia (56008137900)
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Cicuttini, Flavia M. (7005887430)
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Ciobanu, Liliana G. (57201603453)
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Cirillo, Massimo (35247478400)
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Cohen, Aaron J. (7404780942)
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Cooper, Leslie Trumbull (15754277900)
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Cortesi, Paolo Angelo (57200306512)
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Cortinovis, Monica (57207893885)
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Cousin, Ewerton (57194620705)
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Cowie, Benjamin C. (57202566182)
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Criqui, Michael H. (57212369327)
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Cromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)
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Crowe, Christopher Stephen (55976347800)
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Crump, John A. (57202595111)
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Cunningham, Matthew (57204558787)
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Daba, Alemneh Kabeta (57203300408)
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Dadi, Abel Fekadu (57031690900)
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Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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Dang, Anh Kim (57195728465)
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Dargan, Paul I. (57212154356)
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Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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Das, Siddharth K. (55362129800)
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Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060)
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Neves, Jose Das (57208073193)
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Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402)
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Dash, Aditya Prasad (57205497428)
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Davis, Adrian C. (7404296836)
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Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193)
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Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163)
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Davletov, Kairat (6602803024)
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De La Hoz, Fernando Pio (23134262800)
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De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
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Degefa, Meaza Girma (57204559873)
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Degenhardt, Louisa (7004040033)
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Degfie, Tizta T. (57194129130)
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Deiparine, Selina (57205252200)
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Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
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Demtsu, Balem Betsu (57204566544)
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Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
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Deribe, Kebede (57193912587)
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Dervenis, Nikolaos (35368148900)
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Des Jarlais, Don C. (56990451200)
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Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866)
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Dey, Subhojit (25958052600)
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Dharmaratne, Samath D. (57216324802)
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Dicker, Daniel (57196026676)
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Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese (57201669580)
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Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
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Dirac, M. Ashworth (57193092988)
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Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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Dokova, Klara (57201523771)
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Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
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Donnelly, Christl A. (35468127900)
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Dorsey, E. Ray (23102496300)
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Doshi, Pratik P. (57202595536)
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Douwes-Schultz, Dirk (57196081398)
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Doyle, Kerrie E. (55693710800)
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Driscoll, Tim R. (7005928308)
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Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
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Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600)
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Duken, Eyasu Ejeta (57204560558)
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Duncan, Bruce B. (35476478500)
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Duraes, Andre R. (30867558600)
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Ebrahimi, Hedyeh (57195329214)
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Ebrahimpour, Soheil (57204558416)
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Edessa, Dumessa (56922334200)
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Edvardsson, David (35229255500)
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Eggen, Anne Elise (7007019553)
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El Bcheraoui, Charbel (25027689700)
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El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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El-Khatib, Ziad (54908919000)
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Elkout, Hajer (36102315300)
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Ellingsen, Christian Lycke (7801360950)
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Endres, Matthias (7005056946)
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Endries, Aman Yesuf (57216324852)
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Er, Benjamin (57204568328)
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Erskine, Holly E. (57202798676)
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Eshrati, Babak (16030619200)
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Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
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Esmaeili, Reza (57193352042)
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Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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Fakhar, Mahdi (24168542800)
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Fakhim, Hamed (56532027000)
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Faramarzi, Mahbobeh (8928307700)
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Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600)
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Farhadi, Farzaneh (55869726400)
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Farinha, Carla Sofia Esá (57190279273)
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Faro, Andre (36770969600)
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Farvid, Maryam S. (57216534761)
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Farzadfar, Farshad (57195049611)
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Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein (36458335600)
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Feigin, Valery L. (57203677957)
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Feigl, Andrea B. (57202461042)
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Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400)
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Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
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Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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Fernandes, Joao C. (35274726800)
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Ferrari, Alize J. (57195348907)
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Feyissa, Garumma Tolu (55504728900)
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Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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Finegold, Samuel (57195558156)
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Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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Fitzmaurice, Christina (57212628757)
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Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)
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Foreman, Kyle J. (57209064414)
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Fornari, Carla (15022250200)
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Frank, Tahvi D. (57203197110)
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Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
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Fuller, John E. (57204565664)
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Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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Furst, Thomas (57208431345)
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Furtado, Joao M. (36801755000)
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Futran, Neal D. (35554564000)
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Gallus, Silvano (7005387365)
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Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L. (57200187168)
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Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A. (55930749500)
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Gardner, William M. (57204566870)
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Gebre, Abadi Kahsu (59426751000)
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Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde (57216482917)
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Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay (57202566187)
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Gebremichael, Bereket (57191254167)
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Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo (57204566728)
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Gelano, Tilayie Feto (57200628899)
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Geleijnse, Johanna M. (35195702500)
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Genova-Maleras, Ricard (15070563900)
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Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310)
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Gething, Peter W. (57193559189)
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Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611)
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Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul (57204797800)
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Ghadimi, Reza (57202290802)
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Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil (15724975400)
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Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam (55371171100)
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Ghimire, Mamata (57190385188)
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Gibney, Katherine B. (57202564104)
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Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
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Gill, Tiffany K. (8545441900)
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Gillum, Richard F. (7103181331)
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Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390)
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Giroud, Maurice (7203027541)
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Giussani, Giorgia (57200843076)
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Goenka, Shifalika (57217111080)
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Goldberg, Ellen M. (57191842703)
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Goli, Srinivas (39761832500)
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Gomez-Dantes, Hector (57202555692)
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Gona, Philimon N. (57219703762)
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Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891)
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Gorman, Taren M. (57204559340)
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Goto, Atsushi (57193212299)
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Goulart, Alessandra C. (57201181348)
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Gnedovskaya, Elena V. (56806916500)
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Grada, Ayman (55797741000)
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Grosso, Giuseppe (57196998256)
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Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
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Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena (7102920800)
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Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
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Gupta, Prakash C. (58767181900)
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Gupta, Rahul (57204120071)
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Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
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Gupta, Tanush (57219956402)
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Gutierrez, Reyna Alma (57200298415)
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Gyawali, Bishal (56237046200)
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Haagsma, Juanita A. (57202571125)
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Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
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Hagos, Tekleberhan B. (57204236893)
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Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa (57202206322)
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Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263)
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Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364)
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Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352)
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Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526)
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Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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Handal, Alexis J. (57208977398)
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Hankey, Graeme J. (7102816661)
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Harb, Hilda L. (57221443122)
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Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai (57202524069)
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Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903)
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Hasan, Mehedi (57908537100)
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Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
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Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
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Havmoeller, Rasmus (57212075728)
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Hay, Roderick J. (56785229200)
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Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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He, Yihua (57204561423)
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Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar (35867288600)
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Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
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Heibati, Behzad (55341086000)
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Heidari, Mohsen (56814474300)
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Hendrie, Delia (6602071966)
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Henok, Andualem (57196451824)
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Henry, Nathaniel J. (57196076616)
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Herteliu, Claudiu (26035943100)
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Heydarpour, Fatemeh (57192381690)
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Heydarpour, Pouria (57202568884)
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Heydarpour, Sousan (53871251300)
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Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw (57200538678)
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Hoek, Hans W. (57202570421)
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Hole, Michael K. (57159282400)
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Homaie Rad, Enayatollah (57196329821)
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Hoogar, Praveen (57204240256)
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Hosgood, H. Dean (56353204400)
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Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa (59438018800)
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Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)
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Hostiuc, Mihaela (51763789200)
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Hostiuc, Sorin (24829099800)
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Hotez, Peter J. (7004958298)
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Hoy, Damian G. (57216593652)
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Hsiao, Thomas (57204559888)
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Hu, Guoqing (57218106596)
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Huang, John J. (56135699200)
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Husseini, Abdullatif (6603689690)
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Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama (56125214500)
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Hutfless, Susan (35331919500)
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Idrisov, Bulat (57208773503)
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Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)
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Iqbal, Usman (55572166900)
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Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter (57203666733)
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Islam, Nazrul (57217501333)
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Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100)
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Islami, Farhad (56926442900)
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Jacobsen, Kathryn H. (26029163100)
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Jahangiry, Leila (56281924800)
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Jahanmehr, Nader (57203122718)
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Jain, Sudhir Kumar (55461277300)
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Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (14318929700)
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Jalu, Moti Tolera (57200541197)
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James, Spencer L. (57202557998)
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Javanbakht, Mehdi (57204619886)
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Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra (57204797176)
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Jeemon, Panniyammakal (57216324831)
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Jenkins, Kathy J. (7103360798)
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GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
(2020)
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Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
(2018)
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McGrath, John J. (57202560550)
;
McKee, Martin (7202304775)
;
McMahon, Brian J. (56713188900)
;
Mehata, Suresh (57211773159)
;
Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864)
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Mehrotra, Ravi (7203045563)
;
Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418)
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Mehta, Varshil (57158753300)
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Mekonnen, Tefera C. (57193872649)
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Melese, Addisu (56901393600)
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Melku, Mulugeta (56032188500)
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Memiah, Peter T.N. (57217207827)
;
Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350)
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Mendoza, Walter (57216905642)
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Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese (57194776802)
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Mengistu, Getnet (57193539632)
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Mensah, George A. (57196028147)
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Mereta, Seid Tiku (57203628211)
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Meretoja, Atte (12775885500)
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Meretoja, Tuomo J. (57202554188)
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Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107)
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Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane (57222113213)
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Miazgowski, Bartosz (56857536900)
;
Miazgowski, Tomasz (6701404689)
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Millear, Anoushka I. (57204879537)
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Miller, Ted R. (7403948600)
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Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine (56387657900)
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Mini, G.K. (12800865800)
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Mirabi, Parvaneh (51864302500)
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Mirarefin, Mojde (57222113397)
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Mirica, Andreea (57188983765)
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Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888)
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Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen (57202808713)
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Mitiku, Habtamu (49864023500)
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Moazen, Babak (57204324006)
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Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin (57205300378)
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Mohammadi, Moslem (56274033300)
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Mohammadifard, Noushin (23110866700)
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Mohammed, Mohammed A. (57196575014)
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Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000)
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Mohan, Viswanathan (57216603627)
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Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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Molokhia, Mariam (7004121920)
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Monasta, Lorenzo (7801520497)
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Moradi, Ghobad (48161434000)
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Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar (35617421300)
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Moradinazar, Mehdi (59750499200)
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Moraga, Paula (46761426800)
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Morawska, Lidia (7004773965)
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Velasquez, Ilais Moreno (56499291900)
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Morgado-Da-Costa, Joana (57204560697)
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Morrison, Shane Douglas (45661573100)
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Moschos, Marilita M. (7004456074)
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Mouodi, Simin (55372646500)
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Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam (56165159700)
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Muchie, Kindie Fentahun (57194458469)
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Mueller, Ulrich Otto (8512347500)
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Mukhopadhyay, Satinath (36342847700)
;
Muller, Kate (57196075658)
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Mumford, John Everett (57221821974)
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Musa, Jonah (15022919200)
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Musa, Kamarul Imran (57194536466)
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Mustafa, Ghulam (57190395960)
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Muthupandian, Saravanan (54585668500)
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Nachega, Jean B. (6701544088)
;
Nagel, Gabriele (7103201623)
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Naheed, Aliya (57202560989)
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Nahvijou, Azin (18837247000)
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Naik, Gurudatta (56020694000)
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Nair, Sanjeev (7402726229)
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Najafi, Farid (21743304900)
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Naldi, Luigi (7004954781)
;
Nam, Hae Sung (7102066169)
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Nangia, Vinay (57201490837)
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Nansseu, Jobert Richie (55548984700)
;
Nascimento, Bruno Ramos (14424406800)
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Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan (55804491100)
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Neamati, Nahid (57204566952)
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Negoi, Ionut (57200640014)
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Negoi, Ruxandra Irina (55566106200)
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Neupane, Subas (57215632313)
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Newton, Charles R.J. (35465836500)
;
Ngalesoni, Frida N. (57219463339)
;
Ngunjiri, Josephine W. (57195296110)
;
Nguyen, Anh Quynh (57204557413)
;
Nguyen, Grant (57191591002)
;
Nguyen, Ha Thu (57468278900)
;
Nguyen, Huong Thanh (37093238600)
;
Nguyen, Long Hoang (56567321800)
;
Nguyen, Minh (58203329200)
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Nguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200)
;
Nichols, Emma (57205756163)
;
Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini (57195329470)
;
Nirayo, Yirga Legesse (57201651103)
;
Nixon, Molly R. (57204562047)
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Nolutshungu, Nomonde (57204567895)
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Nomura, Shuhei (55632290700)
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Norheim, Ole F. (7004082597)
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Noroozi, Mehdi (57035125300)
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Norrving, Bo (12792377500)
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Noubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000)
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Nouri, Hamid Reza (58754802100)
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Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour (56960536000)
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Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza (8866311900)
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Nyasulu, Peter S. (36700333500)
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Odell, Christopher M. (57204283884)
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Ofori-Asenso, Richard (57209300265)
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Ogbo, Felix Akpojene (57217186813)
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Oh, In-Hwan (57204090669)
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Oladimeji, Olanrewaju (57216495380)
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Olagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)
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Olivares, Pedro R. (7003510190)
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Olsen, Helen Elizabeth (57203080494)
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Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola (57218504682)
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Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860)
;
Ong, Kanyin L. (57210793447)
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Ong, Sok King Sk (36614524300)
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Oren, Eyal (36815569400)
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Orpana, Heather M. (6507559930)
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Ortiz, Alberto (7201911399)
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Ortiz, Justin R. (57201758478)
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Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394)
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Overland, Simon (23028540300)
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Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo (57222581892)
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Ozdemir, Raziye (46761319200)
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Mahesh, P.A. (57202421244)
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Pacella, Rosana (57194839077)
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Pakhale, Smita (57220937499)
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Pakhare, Abhijit P. (54383993100)
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Pakpour, Amir H. (56181056500)
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Pana, Adrian (57191837583)
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Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra (6603112353)
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Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai (6701618847)
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Parisi, Andrea (57203642960)
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Park, Eun-Kee (57216814178)
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Parry, Charles D.H. (7102561312)
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Parsian, Hadi (55991107900)
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Patel, Shanti (57072227700)
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Pati, Sanghamitra (55441302100)
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Patton, George C. (7102184358)
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Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao (56499299400)
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Paulson, Katherine R. (57203437789)
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Pereira, Alexandre (57292982400)
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Pereira, David M. (57200690024)
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Perico, Norberto (56481931200)
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Pesudovs, Konrad (7004576721)
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Petzold, Max (7003628893)
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Phillips, Michael R. (57202563610)
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Piel, Frederic B. (56866735900)
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Pigott, David M. (55320335600)
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Pillay, Julian David (57197803061)
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Pirsaheb, Meghdad (25645282200)
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Pishgar, Farhad (56676403900)
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Polinder, Suzanne (12766122200)
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Postma, Maarten J. (7006296502)
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Pourshams, Akram (6507521541)
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Poustchi, Hossein (8622806500)
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Pujar, Ashwini (57204567538)
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Prakash, Swayam (57212263375)
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Prasad, Narayan (23028765700)
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Purcell, Caroline A. (56203575500)
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Qorbani, Mostafa (24831040300)
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Quintana, Hedley (56835362100)
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Quistberg, D.Alex (6507023057)
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Rade, Kirankumar Waman (53264601000)
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Anwar Rafay, Amir Radfar (57194428768)
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Rahim, Fakher (23052247800)
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Rahimi, Kazem (58482212900)
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Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin (8696686900)
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Rahman, Mahfuzar (35571661300)
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Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497)
;
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (55327627600)
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Rai, Rajesh Kumar (51864423900)
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Rajsic, Sasa (57196448260)
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Ram, Usha (26653819000)
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Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500)
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Ranjan, Prabhat (57200595370)
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Rao, Puja C. (57191835613)
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Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
;
Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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Razo-Garcia, Christian (57191620919)
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Reddy, K. Srinath (35417788900)
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Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)
;
Reitsma, Marissa B. (57208766315)
;
Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600)
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Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071)
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Rezaei, Satar (55791003000)
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Rezaeian, Shahab (55214334100)
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Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh (55273796300)
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Riahi, Seyed Mohammad (57193205976)
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Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P. (57204577960)
;
Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus (57208577330)
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Roba, Kedir Teji (57203667432)
;
Roberts, Nicholas L.S. (57204562597)
;
Robinson, Stephen R. (7402673969)
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Roever, Leonardo (56641632800)
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Ronfani, Luca (6602565620)
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Roshandel, Gholamreza (14034446800)
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Rostami, Ali (59144808300)
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Rothenbacher, Dietrich (7004765162)
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Roy, Ambuj (7402704658)
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Rubagotti, Enrico (57208389589)
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Sachdev, Perminder S. (7102284091)
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Saddik, Basema (23020079300)
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Sadeghi, Ehsan (37010381500)
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Safari, Hosein (57204236925)
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Safdarian, Mahdi (57203849024)
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Safi, Sare (57219477293)
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Safiri, Saeid (56009654100)
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Sagar, Rajesh (26643103100)
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Sahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900)
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Sahraian, Mohammad Ali (55886074600)
;
Salam, Nasir (23992664500)
;
Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625)
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Salamati, Payman (14045860600)
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De Freitas Saldanha, Raphael (57193063393)
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Saleem, Zikria (56179814800)
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Salimi, Yahya (54421017000)
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Salvi, Sundeep Santosh (7005258777)
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Salz, Inbal (57199623777)
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Sambala, Evanson Zondani (36718133800)
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Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)
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Sanabria, Juan (7006262917)
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Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria (57202569015)
;
Santomauro, Damian Francesco (56912450700)
;
Santos, Itamar S. (57198312911)
;
Santos, Joao Vasco (57226214352)
;
Santric Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
;
Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao (57202052980)
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Sarker, Abdur Razzaque (55908816200)
;
Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo (57204744430)
;
Sarrafzadegan, Nizal (6701751316)
;
Sartorius, Benn (12788526800)
;
Sarvi, Shahabeddin (56168398100)
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Sathian, Brijesh (27467953500)
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Satpathy, Maheswar (57202563691)
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Sawant, Arundhati R. (57204568004)
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Sawhney, Monika (57217153893)
;
Saxena, Sonia (57203151746)
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Sayyah, Mehdi (10540414200)
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Schaeffner, Elke (6507021741)
;
Schmidt, Maria Ines (7404398885)
;
Schneider, Ione J.C. (57201292772)
;
Schottker, Ben (7006697270)
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Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth (57216814352)
;
Schwebel, David C. (6603681532)
;
Schwendicke, Falk (55639536600)
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Scott, James G. (57218307442)
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Sekerija, Mario (30268005400)
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Sepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)
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Servan-Mori, Edson (57202594826)
;
Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba (57204698893)
;
Shabaninejad, Hosein (56047947500)
;
Shackelford, Katya Anne (57202959163)
;
Shafieesabet, Azadeh (56964338900)
;
Shahbazi, Mehdi (58427375600)
;
Shaheen, Amira A. (57202560956)
;
Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran (57193608415)
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Shamsi, Mohammadbagher (57204557980)
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Shamsizadeh, Morteza (57195940127)
;
Sharafi, Kiomars (57194516056)
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Sharif, Mehdi (16022734200)
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Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi (35108018000)
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Sharma, Rajesh (58228412600)
;
She, Jun (57209122131)
;
Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962)
;
Shi, Peilin (57203064901)
;
Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay (57205232012)
;
Shigematsu, Mika (23968093000)
;
Shiri, Rahman (57200737050)
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Shirkoohi, Reza (12776374400)
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Shiue, Ivy (35811219800)
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Shokraneh, Farhad (36146063000)
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Shrime, Mark G. (57204703404)
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Si, Si (56706979500)
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Siabani, Soraya (25227131300)
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Siddiqi, Tariq J. (57193718539)
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Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora (57195363778)
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Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig (56006396200)
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Silberberg, Donald H. (57223420256)
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Santos Silva, Diego Augusto (36985158000)
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Silva, Joao Pedro (7403023631)
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Da Silva, Natacha Torres (57207324515)
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Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves (57190284103)
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Singh, Jasvinder A. (7404421736)
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Singh, Narinder Pal (57211864736)
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Singh, Prashant Kumar (57208090732)
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Singh, Virendra (57191848598)
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Sinha, Dhirendra Narain (7201637609)
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Sliwa, Karen (57207223988)
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Smith, Mari (57195484737)
;
Sobaih, Badr Hasan (57202564080)
;
Sobhani, Soheila (57193095221)
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Sobngwi, Eugene (6701427993)
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Soneji, Samir S. (57204096389)
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Soofi, Moslem (56373891000)
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Sorensen, Reed J.D. (57196918748)
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Soriano, Joan B. (7101973935)
;
Soyiri, Ireneous N. (15052406400)
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Sposato, Luciano A. (25640261000)
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Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)
;
Srinivasan, Vinay (57196077031)
;
Stanaway, Jeffrey D. (57201210928)
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Starodubov, Vladimir I. (6701820838)
;
Stathopoulou, Vasiliki (57209726581)
;
Stein, Dan J. (55769747595)
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Steiner, Caitlyn (57205358084)
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Stewart, Leo G. (57204565284)
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Stokes, Mark A. (7102859000)
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Subart, Michelle L. (57194140438)
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Sudaryanto, Agus (57305372500)
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Sufiyan, Mu'Awiyyah Babale (58294633600)
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Sur, Patrick John (57218360398)
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Sutradhar, Ipsita (57202349742)
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Sykes, Bryan L. (57211183396)
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Sylaja, P.N. (12787344300)
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Sylte, Dillon O. (57211183601)
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Szoeke, Cassandra E.I. (6505920990)
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Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102)
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Tabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400)
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Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar (57207799926)
;
Takahashi, Ken (55741242600)
;
Tandon, Nikhil (7101833756)
;
Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel (57204569108)
;
Taveira, Nuno (6602731390)
;
Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020)
;
Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw (57204558037)
;
Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin (57204237146)
;
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (56115852000)
;
Temsah, Omar (57204559820)
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Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman (57211144258)
;
Teshale, Manaye Yihune (57204566390)
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Tessema, Belay (20735503600)
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Tessema, Gizachew Assefa (57196316304)
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Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435)
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Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish (54407369300)
;
Thomas, Nihal (7401830494)
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Thrift, Amanda G. (7004824524)
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Thurston, George D. (7102270013)
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Tilahun, Binyam (57212075730)
;
To, Quyen G. (55827789100)
;
Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan (57209276611)
;
Tonelli, Marcello (7103102534)
;
Topor-Madry, Roman (57211182892)
;
Torre, Anna E. (57196074351)
;
Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel (16242320900)
;
Touvier, Mathilde (8877033300)
;
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
;
Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
;
Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
;
Tripathi, Suryakant (57225821627)
;
Troeger, Christopher E. (57195223624)
;
Truelsen, Thomas Clement (57202824565)
;
Truong, Nu Thi (57204178907)
;
Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel (57204562442)
;
Tsoi, Derrick (57196074984)
;
Tudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100)
;
Murat Tuzcu, E. (7005951350)
;
Tyrovolas, Stefanos (57207793475)
;
Ukwaja, Kingsley N. (57202824584)
;
Ullah, Irfan (56992676600)
;
Undurraga, Eduardo A. (57204092789)
;
Updike, Rachel L. (57204698680)
;
Usman, Muhammad Shariq (57203046075)
;
Uthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)
;
Uzun, Selen Begum (57200327315)
;
Vaduganathan, Muthiah (16417973600)
;
Vaezi, Afsane (55698015300)
;
Vaidya, Gaurang (55551507300)
;
Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
;
Varavikova, Elena (7801408611)
;
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416)
;
Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
;
Villafaina, Santos (57195804127)
;
Violante, Francesco S. (7003555890)
;
Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch (57195959162)
;
Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239)
;
Vollset, Stein Emil (57196315778)
;
Vos, Theo (57223885848)
;
Wagner, Gregory R. (57219005948)
;
Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw (57200917385)
;
Waheed, Yasir (35303643700)
;
Wallin, Mitchell Taylor (57201573668)
;
Walson, Judd L. (57203254111)
;
Wang, Yanping (57215440165)
;
Wang, Yuan-Pang (8576812100)
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Wassie, Molla Mesele (56499356400)
;
Weiderpass, Elisabete (57205018947)
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Weintraub, Robert G. (7006079405)
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Weldegebreal, Fitsum (56112812300)
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Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey (57203308107)
;
Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
;
Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (57195675398)
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West, T. Eoin (57756844000)
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Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
;
Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
;
Widecka, Justyna (15047205800)
Background: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries—Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings: At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5–74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9–19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7–8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5–23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20–8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0–8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0–24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1–33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5–4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2–15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9–59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000–289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000–363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8–148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2–40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2–36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990—neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases—were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation: Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(2019)
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Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(2017)
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Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs ofset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the fve lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs ofset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention eforts, and development assistance for health, including fnancial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
(2017)
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London, Stephanie J. (56988756100)
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Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King (56330601800)
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Werdecker, Andrea (57208964895)
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Westerman, Ronny (57218361023)
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Whiteford, Harvey A. (55906494000)
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Wijeratne, Tissa (14051317700)
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Wiysonge, Charles Shey (6507441509)
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Wolfe, Charles D.A. (57202754705)
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Woodbrook, Rachel (57200298006)
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Woolf, Anthony D. (7102882171)
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Workicho, Abdulhalik (56720337100)
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Wulf Hanson, Sarah (57212263269)
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Xavier, Denis (55403963100)
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Xu, Gelin (57203583113)
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Yadgir, Simon (57192837280)
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Yaghoubi, Mohsen (56402926900)
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Yakob, Bereket (57203811497)
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Yan, Lijing L. (35933756700)
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Yano, Yuichiro (57196965200)
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Ye, Pengpeng (57202839295)
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Yimam, Hassen Hamid (57196325590)
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Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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Yoon, Seok-Jun (24823148900)
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Yotebieng, Marcel (26325950800)
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Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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Zaidi, Zoubida (57197376721)
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Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed (57203666922)
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Zegeye, Elias Asfaw (57209171278)
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Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew (57200737185)
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Zhang, Xueying (56283378700)
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Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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Zipkin, Ben (57200737130)
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Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna (57209027746)
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Murray, Christopher J.L. (55481130700)
Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response. © The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.