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Browsing by Author "Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400)"

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    Publication
    Department of Error: Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2020) 395(10239) (1779–1801), (S0140673620301148), (10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30114-8))
    (2020)
    Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)
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    Wiens, Kirsten E. (55515807800)
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    Deshpande, Aniruddha (57208579336)
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    Baumann, Mathew M. (57211550981)
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    Lindstedt, Paulina A. (57211558396)
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    Blacker, Brigette F. (57202420381)
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    Troeger, Christopher E. (57195223624)
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    Earl, Lucas (57190371340)
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    Munro, Sandra B. (7004622934)
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    Abate, Degu (57204237665)
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    Abbastabar, Hedayat (57212441848)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
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    Abdollahpour, Ibrahim (36997151900)
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    Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57195295816)
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    Abebe, Getaneh (57202422848)
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    Abegaz, Kedir Hussein (57200726326)
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    Abreu, Lucas Guimarães (55937631400)
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    Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400)
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    Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou (55353650500)
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    Acharya, Dilaram (56770895600)
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    Adabi, Maryam (57190491886)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji (55947572800)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. (56598104300)
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    Adham, Davoud (55346682700)
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    Adhena, Beyene Meressa (57322512000)
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    Afarideh, Mohsen (56227034300)
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    Ahmadi, Keivan (59396073300)
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    Ahmadi, Mehdi (16644923000)
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    Ahmed, Anwar E. (58205901100)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Ahmed, Rushdia (57195530549)
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    Ajumobi, Olufemi (14033771400)
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    Akal, Chalachew Genet (57205385708)
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    Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie (57203189637)
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    Akanda, Ali S. (35290419100)
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    Alamene, Genet Melak (57211135938)
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    Alanzi, Turki M. (55978240000)
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    Albright, James R. (57210320079)
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    Alcalde Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth (35749450200)
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    Alemnew, Birhan Tamene (57211138846)
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    Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw (57202557784)
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    Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir (57208356112)
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    Ali, Muhammad (57221004192)
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    Alijanzadeh, Mehran (56236864700)
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    Alipour, Vahid (56436629300)
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    Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)
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    Almasi, Ali (19433600700)
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    Almasi-Hashiani, Amir (42360952700)
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    Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. (8625547100)
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    Altirkawi, Khalid (57202762923)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. (57193279948)
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    Amare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)
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    Amini, Saeed (57210811281)
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    Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche (57211322011)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Anegago, Masresha Tessema (57216865286)
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    Anjomshoa, Mina (57204563282)
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    Ansari, Fereshteh (56478531800)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Antriyandarti, Ernoiz (57201775415)
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    Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw (57204569403)
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    Arabloo, Jalal (57208760927)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Armoon, Bahram (57191472455)
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    Aryal, Krishna K. (57203859052)
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    Arzani, Afsaneh (57094774900)
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    Asadi-Lari, Mohsen (6603191961)
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    Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil (57211139593)
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    Atalay, Hagos Tasew (57203535974)
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    Atique, Suleman (56505419100)
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    Atre, Sachin R. (22933845900)
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    Ausloos, Marcel (7101798907)
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    Avila-Burgos, Leticia (8530790100)
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    Awasthi, Ashish (58420926700)
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    Awoke, Nefsu (57207257383)
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    Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina (55598298700)
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    Ayano, Getinet (57189617474)
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    Ayanore, Martin Amogre (57070358300)
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    Ayele, Asnakew Achaw (57194280930)
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    Aynalem, Yared Asmare (57214332450)
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    Azari, Samad (56396696500)
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    Babaee, Ebrahim (57217157164)
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    Badawi, Alaa (57216776029)
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    Bakkannavar, Shankar M. (34970692400)
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    Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar (56640778400)
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    Bali, Ayele Geleto (57204564615)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Barac, Aleksandra (55550748700)
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    Barnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Basaleem, Huda (6505771974)
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    Bassat, Quique (23024176000)
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    Bayati, Mohsen (56906776500)
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    Bedi, Neeraj (57988442200)
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    Behzadifar, Masoud (57204671696)
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    Behzadifar, Meysam (59429991000)
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    Bekele, Yibeltal Alemu (57214868211)
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    Bell, Michelle L. (7401466450)
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    Bennett, Derrick A. (57650836400)
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    Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema (57195346523)
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    Beyranvand, Tina (57203000763)
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    Bhat, Anusha Ganapati (57208836680)
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    Bhattacharyya, Krittika (57204647266)
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    Bhattarai, Suraj (55646532200)
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    Bhaumik, Soumyadeep (55643126300)
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    Bijani, Ali (23134684900)
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    Bikbov, Boris (57219957158)
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    Biswas, Raaj Kishore (57194226969)
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    Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw (57209212251)
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    Bohlouli, Somayeh (56523246300)
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    Brady, Oliver J. (57218716651)
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    Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi (57212030091)
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    Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich (57202792237)
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    Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich (7004344976)
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    Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath (46961272800)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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    Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar (6505846919)
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    Cárdenas, Rosario (57216482927)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Castro, Franz (57204567353)
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    Chansa, Collins (24400981500)
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    Chatterjee, Pranab (57202798650)
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    Chattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500)
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    Chauhan, Bal Govind (57195315447)
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    Chin, Ken Lee (57216745370)
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    Christopher, Devasahayam J. (57209863533)
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    Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300)
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    Claro, Rafael M. (16834671700)
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    Cormier, Natalie M. (57216638260)
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    Costa, Vera M. (17134373000)
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    Damiani, Giovanni (57218701806)
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    Daoud, Farah (57201079837)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dandona, Rakhi (57203043697)
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    Darwish, Amira Hamed (57194473558)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    Das, Jai K. (55644705500)
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    Das Gupta, Rajat (57215122060)
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    Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye (57204268402)
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    Davila, Claudio Alberto (45561136400)
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    Davis Weaver, Nicole (57203300193)
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    Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil (57202555163)
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    De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
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    Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen (57204717669)
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    Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh (57207453281)
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    Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam (57202214514)
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    Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar (25228198700)
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    Deribe, Kebede (57193912587)
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    Desalew, Assefa (57203766919)
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    Dessie, Getenet Ayalew (57202055866)
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    Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda (57216324802)
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    Dhillon, Preeti (55520200200)
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    Dhimal, Meghnath (54941157300)
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    Dhungana, Govinda Prasad (24066372700)
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    Diaz, Daniel (56644152500)
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    Ding, Eric L. (54413849800)
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    Diro, Helen Derara (57204564180)
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    Djalalinia, Shirin (37113718000)
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    Do, Huyen Phuc (57200737094)
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    Doku, David Teye (36015210300)
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    Dolecek, Christiane (35784177100)
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    Dubey, Manisha (57219898654)
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    Dubljanin, Eleonora (55957442600)
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    Duko Adema, Bereket (56845644100)
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    Dunachie, Susanna J. (57225394332)
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    Durães, Andre R. (30867558600)
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    Duraisamy, Senbagam (58956978800)
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    Effiong, Andem (57213158150)
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    Eftekhari, Aziz (56829076800)
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    El Sayed, Iman (7004479194)
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    El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)
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    El Tantawi, Maha (57214851491)
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    Elemineh, Demelash Abewa (57214777126)
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    El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I. (34869528300)
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    Elkout, Hajer (36102315300)
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    Elsharkawy, Aisha (55683285000)
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    Enany, Shymaa (23972375400)
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    Endalamaw, Aklilu (57202040629)
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    Endalew, Daniel Adane (57211158603)
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    Eskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)
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    Esteghamati, Alireza (11240321100)
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    Etemadi, Arash (7004686554)
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    Farag, Tamer H. (16230217600)
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    Faraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)
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    Fareed, Mohammad (24491815600)
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    Faridnia, Roghiyeh (55945212000)
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    Farioli, Andrea (57207608705)
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    Faro, Andre (36770969600)
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    Farzam, Hossein (57202061001)
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    Fazaeli, Ali Akbar (57204568731)
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    Fazlzadeh, Mehdi (55199878200)
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    Fentahun, Netsanet (56394665400)
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    Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (57202557520)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Filip, Irina (55570061400)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300)
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    Francis, Joel Msafiri (35198028700)
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    Franklin, Richard Charles (7201428429)
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    Frostad, Joseph Jon (57222306717)
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    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
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    Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye (57225049499)
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    Gebremariam, Kidane Tadesse (57191226393)
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    Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork (57200529247)
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    Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn (57748459200)
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    Gedefaw, Getnet Azeze (57204453564)
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    Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea (57204563310)
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    Geta, Birhanu (57208190927)
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    Gezae, Kebede Embaye (57204561611)
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    Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020)
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    Ghassemi, Fariba (35271776100)
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    Gill, Paramjit Singh (7202766660)
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    Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed (57192378390)
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    Goli, Srinivas (39761832500)
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    Gomes, Nelson G.M. (55326199700)
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    Gopalani, Sameer Vali (57190277891)
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    Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia (55958854600)
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    Grada, Ayman (55797741000)
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    Gugnani, Harish Chander (7005567008)
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    Guido, Davide (56314778600)
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    Guimarães, Rafael Alves (56534712800)
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    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
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    Gupta, Rahul (57204120071)
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    Gupta, Rajeev (55705295300)
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    Hafezi-Nejad, Nima (57216814261)
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    Haile, Michael Tamene (57204564050)
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    Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa (57219637263)
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    Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin (57210768364)
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    Haj-Mirzaian, Arya (57226201352)
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    Hall, Brian James (57218302519)
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    Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes (57201501075)
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    Haririan, Hamidreza (36157009700)
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    Hariyani, Ninuk (57190349243)
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    Hasaballah, Ahmed I. (56002305300)
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    Hasan, Md. Mehedi (57213529757)
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    Hasanzadeh, Amir (57193162243)
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    Hassankhani, Hadi (26436359700)
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    Hassen, Hamid Yimam (57188660707)
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    Hayelom, Desta Haftu (57216638000)
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    Heidari, Behnam (6603217356)
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    Henry, Nathaniel J. (57196076616)
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    Herteliu, Claudiu (26035943100)
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    Heydarpour, Fatemeh (57192381690)
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    de Hidru, Hagos D. (57216634249)
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    Hoang, Chi Linh (57205123375)
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    Hoogar, Praveen (57204240256)
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    Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Mojtaba (57003517600)
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    Hossain, Naznin (57195380270)
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    Hosseini, Mostafa (57204569481)
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    Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)
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    Househ, Mowafa (8667908000)
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    Hu, Guoqing (57218106596)
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    Humayun, Ayesha (25226911300)
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    Hussain, Syed Ather (56910575300)
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    Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (57212027408)
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    Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)
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    Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394)
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    Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja (55988289600)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100)
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    Iwu, Chinwe Juliana (56904084900)
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    Jaca, Anelisa (57191066193)
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    Jafari Balalami, Nader (57211139609)
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    Jahanmehr, Nader (57203122718)
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    Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (14318929700)
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    Jalali, Amir (23469738000)
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    Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra (57204797176)
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    Jenabi, Ensiyeh (15755615100)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Jha, Vivekanand (7005119423)
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    Ji, John S. (58562329500)
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    Jia, Peng (55092981100)
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    Johnson, Kimberly B. (57207359220)
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    Jonas, Jost B. (7202492953)
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    Jóźwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700)
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    Kahsay, Amaha (57216608121)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Khader, Yousef Saleh (55654192600)
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    Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif (55608324700)
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    Khatony, Alireza (32667760800)
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    Khubchandani, Jagdish (57211720011)
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    Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375)
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    Kimokoti, Ruth W. (8647554600)
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    Kisa, Sezer (14030019900)
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    Kissoon, Niranjan (7006364038)
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    Kondlahalli, Shivakumar K.M. (57221603938)
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    Kosek, Margaret N. (6701330606)
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    Koyanagi, Ai (57197741912)
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    Kraemer, Moritz U.G. (56308225600)
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    Krishan, Kewal (57202279708)
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    Kumar, G. Anil (57139550500)
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    Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984)
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    Li, Shanshan (57216631901)
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    Linn, Shai (7102590173)
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    Lodha, Rakesh (7007019609)
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    Longbottom, Joshua (56785671300)
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    Lopukhov, Platon D. (57191340780)
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    Magdeldin, Sameh (22634774300)
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    Mahasha, Phetole Walter (28767805500)
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    Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur (55924241300)
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    Malta, Deborah Carvalho (15835283500)
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    Mamun, Abdullah A. (55666602500)
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    Manafi, Farzad (55351495800)
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    Manafi, Navid (57190424904)
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    Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600)
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    Mapoma, Chabila Christopher (57208956832)
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    Marami, Dadi (57200546490)
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    Marczak, Laurie B. (57200295553)
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    Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio (57204796807)
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    März, Winfried (57220877383)
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    Masaka, Anthony (57204084551)
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    Mathur, Manu Raj (55270329300)
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    Maulik, Pallab K. (7005919685)
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    Mayala, Benjamin K. (23980407900)
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    McAlinden, Colm (35325278500)
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    Mehndiratta, Man Mohan (57202557864)
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    Mehrotra, Ravi (7203045563)
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    Mehta, Kala M. (7201939418)
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    Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael (57211140536)
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    Melese, Addisu (56901393600)
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    Memish, Ziad A. (7005059350)
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    Mena, Alemayehu Toma (57212025187)
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    Menezes, Ritesh G. (55517099900)
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    Mengesha, Melkamu Merid (57192953602)
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    Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese (57194776802)
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    Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    (2024)
    Schumacher, Austin E. (57209276410)
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    Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2020)
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    Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi (57201700997)
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    Mohamadi, Efat (57202198397)
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    Mohammad, Dara K. (43161421200)
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    Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710)
    Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2020)
    Abbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)
    ;
    Abbas, Kaja M. (57190285707)
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    Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen (57193543882)
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    Abd-Allah, Foad (36503428900)
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    Abdelalim, Ahmed (7801307783)
    ;
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    Silva, João Pedro (57204703526)
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    Simpson, Kyle E. (57218689127)
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    Skou, Søren T. (55214029900)
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    Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)
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    Smith, Emma U.R. (57224807295)
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    Soheili, Amin (57204123755)
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    Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)
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    Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale (58294633600)
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    Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102)
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    Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash (57204006020)
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    Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh (57039201000)
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    Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf (57219860971)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yusefzadeh, Hasan (55887807200)
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    Moghadam, Telma Zahirian (57201718494)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (59866744200)
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    Zamanian, Maryam (57201292465)
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    Zandian, Hamed (57205175627)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Zhao, Jeff T. (57221069965)
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    Zhao, Xiu-Ju George (8360350900)
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    Zhao, Yingxi (57194059646)
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    Zheng, Peng (57213707656)
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    Zhou, Maigeng (57054557200)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Zimsen, Stephanie R. M. (57196078433)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
    Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
    (2024)
    Bhattacharjee, Natalia V. (57203791372)
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    Schumacher, Austin E. (57209276410)
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    Aali, Amirali (57819452000)
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    Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh (59152412000)
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    Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed (57195533166)
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    Amugsi, Dickson A. (24461463800)
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    Andrade, Pedro Prata (58155276500)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Anil, Abhishek (58164007300)
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    Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza (57192807651)
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    Bahri, Razman Arabzadeh (58125509100)
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    Arafa, Elshaimaa A. (55888927000)
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    Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo (57200625209)
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    Arumugam, Ashokan (38760929800)
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    Asadi-Lari, Mohsen (6603191961)
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    Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi (46062324800)
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    Osuolale, Olayinka (56695376300)
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    Otoiu, Adrian (56375694100)
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    Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394)
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    Ouyahia, Amel (36499964800)
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    Ouyang, Guoqing (57188654592)
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    Owolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892)
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    Ozten, Yaz (57842405200)
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    Mahesh Padukudru, P.A. (57195664371)
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    Fallahy, Mohammad Taha Pahlevan (57224307689)
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    Pan, Feng (57220873446)
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    Pan, Hai-Feng (35234356200)
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    Pana, Adrian (57191837583)
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    Panda, Paramjot (59078159400)
    Background: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. Methods: To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. Findings: During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. Interpretation: Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026
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    Micah, Angela E. (57193064978)
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    Bhangdia, Kayleigh (57217027190)
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    Maddison, Emilie R. (57196084094)
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    Patel, Nishali (57327396200)
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    Zare Dehnavi, Ali (57211772302)
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    Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)
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    Zeng, Wu (42962904300)
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    Zuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Dieleman, Joseph L. (54891678100)
    Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation: There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Publication
    Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
    (2020)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A. (56183368000)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Yusefzadeh, Hasan (55887807200)
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    Zamani, Mohammad (57096222300)
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    Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos (57193255530)
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    Zandian, Hamed (57205175627)
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    Zeleke, Ayalew Jejaw (57193096860)
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    Zepro, Nejimu Biza (57193095335)
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    Zewale, Taye Abuhay (57209219258)
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    Zhang, Dongyu (57216327764)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhao, Xiu-Ju (8360350900)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
    Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Publication
    Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17
    (2020)
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    ;
    Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)
    Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
    (2022)
    Haakenstad, Annie (56079498000)
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    Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter (57203666733)
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    Knight, Megan (57218877591)
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    Bintz, Corinne (57215013911)
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    Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. (35386103000)
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    Zheng, Peng (57213707656)
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    Gupta, Vin (57209148425)
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    Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400)
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    Abushouk, Abdelrahman I. (57191479876)
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    Adebayo, Oladimeji M. (57194329853)
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    Agarwal, Gina (57220151944)
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    Alahdab, Fares (55135922900)
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    Al-Aly, Ziyad (9738161500)
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    Alam, Khurshid (57203681299)
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    Alanzi, Turki M. (55978240000)
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    Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth (35749450200)
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    Alipour, Vahid (56436629300)
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    Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)
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    Amit, Arianna Maever L. (57211322011)
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    Andrei, Catalina Liliana (36543507200)
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    Andrei, Tudorel (24179349400)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Aremu, Olatunde (57214958833)
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    Ayanore, Martin Amogre (57070358300)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Barthelemy, Celine M. (57204563787)
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    Bayati, Mohsen (56906776500)
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    Benzian, Habib (57195256480)
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    Berman, Adam E. (7201959854)
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    Butt, Zahid A. (57202522739)
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    Cámera, Luis Alberto (7003354253)
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    Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. (57203424784)
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    Carvalho, Felix (7103070417)
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    Chansa, Collins (24400981500)
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    Chattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500)
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    Chu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300)
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    Dai, Xiaochen (57221591169)
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    Dandona, Lalit (7007017243)
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    Dangel, William James (57219386065)
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    Daryani, Ahmad (16021522200)
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    De Neve, Jan-Walter (57039962400)
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    Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi (56587933400)
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    Do, Hoa Thi (57201113071)
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    Doshi, Chirag P. (58416032700)
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    Doshmangir, Leila (44261140600)
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    Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham (36107566300)
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    El Tantawi, Maha (57214851491)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Foigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)
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    Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich (57218883661)
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    Foroutan, Masoud (58948371300)
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    Fukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)
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    Fullman, Nancy (57211064970)
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    Gad, Mohamed M. (57203749611)
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    Ghadiri, Keyghobad (55409170000)
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    Ghafourifard, Mansour (57193420915)
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    Ghashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020)
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    Glucksman, Thomas (57217082927)
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    Goudarzi, Houman (55606092000)
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    Gupta, Rajat Das (57215122060)
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    Hamadeh, Randah R. (57202769526)
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    Hamidi, Samer (24366336000)
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    Haro, Josep Maria (57215877903)
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    Hasanpoor, Edris (56049728500)
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    Hay, Simon I. (7101875313)
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    Hegazy, Mohamed I. (35110336200)
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    Heibati, Behzad (55341086000)
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    Henry, Nathaniel J. (57196076616)
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    Hole, Michael K. (57159282400)
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    Hossain, Naznin (57195380270)
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    Househ, Mowafa (8667908000)
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    Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)
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    Imani-Nasab, Mohammad-Hasan (55913164400)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100)
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    Jahani, Mohammad Ali (56091589300)
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    Joshi, Ankur (7402453097)
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    Kalhor, Rohollah (55670548600)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Khalid, Nauman (57204561542)
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    Khatab, Khaled (27267685100)
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    Kisa, Adnan (6603346067)
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    Kochhar, Sonali (57214107714)
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    Krishan, Kewal (57202279708)
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    Kuate Defo, Barthelemy (6602271655)
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    Lal, Dharmesh Kumar (57222488984)
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    Lami, Faris Hasan (57200737005)
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    Larsson, Anders O. (56381985300)
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    Leasher, Janet L. (57197789738)
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    LeGrand, Kate E. (57216789066)
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    Lim, Lee-Ling (56988527400)
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    Mahotra, Narayan B. (55924241300)
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    Majeed, Azeem (7102027801)
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    Maleki, Afshin (16402422400)
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    Manjunatha, Narayana (16307422500)
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    Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard (55859007400)
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    Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107)
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    Mini, G.K. (12800865800)
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    Mirica, Andreea (57188983765)
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    Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57216202888)
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    Mohammad, Yousef (6603403710)
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    Mohammed, Shafiu (57838689000)
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    Mokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)
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    Morrison, Shane Douglas (45661573100)
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    Naghavi, Mohsen (57207906323)
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    Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith (36612016600)
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    Negoi, Ionut (57200640014)
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    Negoi, Ruxandra Irina (55566106200)
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    Ngunjiri, Josephine W. (57195296110)
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    Nguyen, Cuong Tat (56531347200)
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    Nigatu, Yeshambel T. (56491170000)
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    Onwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855)
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    Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V. (6505938824)
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    Otstavnov, Nikita (57202947262)
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    Otstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394)
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    Owolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892)
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    Pakhare, Abhijit P. (54383993100)
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    Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino (57216890866)
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    Perico, Norberto (56481931200)
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    Pham, Hai Quang (57217078995)
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    Pigott, David M. (55320335600)
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    Pokhrel, Khem Narayan (57189445377)
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    Rabiee, Mohammad (24587922100)
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    Rabiee, Navid (57201008317)
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    Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446)
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    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Rawaf, Salman (6602475959)
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    Rawal, Lal (37262106500)
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    Remuzzi, Giuseppe (56466188600)
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    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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    Resnikoff, Serge (7006012071)
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    Rezaei, Nima (57216077273)
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    Rezapour, Aziz (55548281300)
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    Rickard, Jennifer (56581573500)
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    Roever, Leonardo (56641632800)
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    Sahu, Maitreyi (57216341277)
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    Samy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)
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    Sanabria, Juan (57226829732)
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    Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)
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    Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer (57211312277)
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    Seedat, Soraya (7003445887)
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    Senthilkumaran, Subramanian (36191387000)
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    Serván-Mori, Edson (57202594826)
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    Shaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)
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    Sheikh, Aziz (7202522962)
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    Silva, Diego Augusto Santos (36985158000)
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    Stein, Caroline (57196039610)
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    Stein, Dan J. (55769747595)
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    Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna (57216631666)
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    Topp, Stephanie M. (57226202226)
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    Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)
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    Ullah, Saif (57219395828)
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    Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran (12790012100)
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    Vacante, Marco (23037085900)
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    Valdez, Pascual R. (57202115577)
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    Vasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416)
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    Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)
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    Vlassov, Vasily (57211633239)
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    Vos, Theo (57223885848)
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    Yearwood, Jamal Akeem (57202282849)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Younis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)
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    Yu, Chuanhua (57208140344)
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    Zadey, Siddhesh (57188589258)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zerfu, Taddese Alemu (55358278900)
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    Zhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Zodpey, Sanjay (7003415080)
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    Lim, Stephen S. (57201800433)
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    Murray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)
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    Lozano, Rafael (7102198442)
    Background: Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 strategy have drawn attention to the importance of HRH for achieving policy priorities such as universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous research has found substantial global disparities in HRH, the absence of comparable cross-national estimates of existing workforces has hindered efforts to quantify workforce requirements to meet health system goals. We aimed to use comparable and standardised data sources to estimate HRH densities globally, and to examine the relationship between a subset of HRH cadres and UHC effective coverage performance. Methods: Through the International Labour Organization and Global Health Data Exchange databases, we identified 1404 country-years of data from labour force surveys and 69 country-years of census data, with detailed microdata on health-related employment. From the WHO National Health Workforce Accounts, we identified 2950 country-years of data. We mapped data from all occupational coding systems to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (ISCO-88), allowing for standardised estimation of densities for 16 categories of health workers across the full time series. Using data from 1990 to 2019 for 196 of 204 countries and territories, covering seven Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) super-regions and 21 regions, we applied spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) to model HRH densities from 1990 to 2019 for all countries and territories. We used stochastic frontier meta-regression to model the relationship between the UHC effective coverage index and densities for the four categories of health workers enumerated in SDG indicator 3.c.1 pertaining to HRH: physicians, nurses and midwives, dentistry personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. We identified minimum workforce density thresholds required to meet a specified target of 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, and quantified national shortages with respect to those minimum thresholds. Findings: We estimated that, in 2019, the world had 104·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 83·5–128·0) health workers, including 12·8 million (9·7–16·6) physicians, 29·8 million (23·3–37·7) nurses and midwives, 4·6 million (3·6–6·0) dentistry personnel, and 5·2 million (4·0–6·7) pharmaceutical personnel. We calculated a global physician density of 16·7 (12·6–21·6) per 10 000 population, and a nurse and midwife density of 38·6 (30·1–48·8) per 10 000 population. We found the GBD super-regions of sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and north Africa and the Middle East had the lowest HRH densities. To reach 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, we estimated that, per 10 000 population, at least 20·7 physicians, 70·6 nurses and midwives, 8·2 dentistry personnel, and 9·4 pharmaceutical personnel would be needed. In total, the 2019 national health workforces fell short of these minimum thresholds by 6·4 million physicians, 30·6 million nurses and midwives, 3·3 million dentistry personnel, and 2·9 million pharmaceutical personnel. Interpretation: Considerable expansion of the world's health workforce is needed to achieve high levels of UHC effective coverage. The largest shortages are in low-income settings, highlighting the need for increased financing and coordination to train, employ, and retain human resources in the health sector. Actual HRH shortages might be larger than estimated because minimum thresholds for each cadre of health workers are benchmarked on health systems that most efficiently translate human resources into UHC attainment. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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    The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis
    (2020)
    Deshpande, Aniruddha (57208579336)
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    Miller-Petrie, Molly K (56387657900)
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    Johnson, Kimberly B (57207359220)
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    Abdoli, A. (59421084100)
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    Abrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400)
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    Adekanmbi, Victor (53463192900)
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    Adetokunboh, Olatunji O (56598104300)
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    Adinarayanan, S. (16300847400)
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    Ahmadpour, E. (55067754700)
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    Ahmed, Muktar Beshir (57207802317)
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    Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie (57203189637)
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    Alanzi, T.M. (55978240000)
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    Alinia, C. (57210704519)
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    Alipour, Vahid (56436629300)
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    Amit, Arianna Maever L. (57211322011)
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    Anber, N.H. (57202351369)
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    Ancuceanu, R. (35728302200)
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    Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. (55247644500)
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    Banach, Maciej (22936699500)
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    Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (23011726900)
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    Bayati, Mohsen (56906776500)
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    Cormier, Natalie Maria (57216638260)
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    Cromwell, Elizabeth A (15727546000)
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    Schmidt, C.A. (57195299414)
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    Do, Hoa Thi (57201113071)
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    Faraj, A. (57216632076)
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    Fattahi, N. (16642728600)
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    Fernandes, Eduarda (34770207500)
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    Fischer, Florian (55508208800)
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    Guo, Yuming (55712472800)
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    de Hidru, Hagos Degefa (57216634249)
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    Hon, J. (57215304252)
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    Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)
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    Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)
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    Ilic, Milena D. (7102981394)
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    Iqbal, Usman (55572166900)
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    Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi (57202975543)
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    Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (56400111100)
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    Jha, Ravi Prakash (58586863400)
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    Ji, John S (58562329500)
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    Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700)
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    Kabir, Ali (23050698400)
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    Kalankesh, L.R. (12796418600)
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    Kalhor, R. (55670548600)
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    Karami Matin, B. (56943457000)
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    Karch, André (55917217700)
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    Karimi, S. (57218689006)
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    Kasaeian, Amir (57195540738)
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    Kazemi Karyani, A. (56664511600)
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    Kayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)
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    Kelbore, A.G. (56798540800)
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    Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif (55608324700)
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    Khalilov, Rovshan (57193308858)
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    Khan, Junaid (57203436148)
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    Khatab, Khaled (27267685100)
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    Khater, Mona M (57203308114)
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    Khodayari, M. (57189642962)
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    Kim, Yun Jin (57211086375)
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    King, J.D. (55456497600)
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    Kinyoki, D.K. (55943776500)
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    Kianipour, N. (56564004200)
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    Kumar, G Anil (57139550500)
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    Kusuma, Dian (57190047530)
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    La Vecchia, Carlo (36063266200)
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    Lansingh, Van Charles (57209471470)
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    Lee, Paul H (57200302692)
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    LeGrand, Kate E (57216789066)
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    Levine, Aubrey J (57189577844)
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    Li, Shanshan (57216631901)
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    Maleki, S. (57200675775)
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    Mansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600)
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    Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio (57204796807)
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    Massenburg, B.B. (55859007400)
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    Mayala, Benjamin K (23980407900)
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    Meitei, W.B. (57209140259)
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    Mendoza, Walter (57216905642)
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    Mengistu, D.T. (57194776802)
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    Mereta, Seid Tiku (57203628211)
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    Mestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107)
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    Mokdad, Ali H (7004813962)
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    Moradi, Masoud (56506570100)
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    Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam (56165159700)
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    Munro, Sandra B (7004622934)
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    Mupfasoni, D. (35148089100)
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    mwingira, U.J. (35976464300)
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    Pasupula, D. (57196471042)
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    Sartorius, Benn (57222905707)
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    Tran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)
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    Tran, Khanh Bao (57201651536)
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    Yamada, Tomohide (37662679800)
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    Yaya, S. (55191139800)
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    Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. (56017415700)
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    Yip, Paul (7102503720)
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    Yonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)
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    Zaki, L. (57204106631)
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    Zaman, Sojib Bin (57193070058)
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    Zamanian, M. (57201292465)
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    Zangeneh, A. (56071697900)
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    Zhang, Yunquan (56568510200)
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    Zhang, Z. (56068578400)
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    Ziapour, Arash (57202571078)
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    Hay, Simon I (7101875313)
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    Reiner, Robert C (57203229088)
    Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods: A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings: We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation: Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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    Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050
    (2021)
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    Olgiati, Stefano (56372296100)
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    Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun (57222488860)
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    Onwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855)
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    Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza (24822763100)
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    Rahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)
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    Ram, Usha (26653819000)
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    Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500)
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    Ranasinghe, Priyanga (6602322079)
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    Rawaf, David Laith (57209228052)
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    Reiner, Robert C. (57203229088)
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    Renzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)
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    Sahu, Maitreyi (57216341277)
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    Salama, Joseph S. (57202975625)
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    Salehi, Sana (57209618440)
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    Dieleman, Joseph L. (54891678100)
    Background: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40·4 billion (0·5%, 95% UI 0·5–0·5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24·6% (UI 24·0–25·1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54·8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13·7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12·3 billion was newly committed and $1·4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3·1 billion (22·4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2·4 billion (17·9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714·4 million (7·7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34·3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448–1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation: Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

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