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(57211144346)Santric-MilicevicSao Jose, Bruno Piassi (57204561719)Bruno Piassi (57204561719)Sao JoseSathian, Brijesh (27467953500)Brijesh (27467953500)SathianSawhney, Monika (57217153893)Monika (57217153893)SawhneySaya, Ganesh Kumar (55391007900)Ganesh Kumar (55391007900)SayaSchwendicke, Falk (55639536600)Falk (55639536600)SchwendickeSeidu, Abdul-Aziz (57200383297)Abdul-Aziz (57200383297)SeiduKumar, Nachimuthu Senthil (57987796700)Nachimuthu Senthil (57987796700)KumarSepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)Sadaf G. 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(15052406400)SoyiriSreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)SreeramareddyStein, Dan J. (55769747595)Dan J. (55769747595)SteinSteiropoulos, Paschalis (55965229900)Paschalis (55965229900)SteiropoulosStortecky, Stefan (36515745900)Stefan (36515745900)StorteckyStraif, Kurt (6701403417)Kurt (6701403417)StraifAbdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (57226205764)Rizwan Suliankatchi (57226205764)AbdulkaderSulo, Gerhard (16242476100)Gerhard (16242476100)SuloSundström, Johan (56702246400)Johan (56702246400)SundströmTabuchi, Takahiro (55177892400)Takahiro (55177892400)TabuchiTadesse, Eyayou Girma (57221591705)Eyayou Girma (57221591705)TadesseTamiru, Animut Tagele (57218877788)Animut Tagele (57218877788)TamiruTareke, Minale (57191823514)Minale (57191823514)TarekeTareque, Md Ismail (58298394400)Md Ismail (58298394400)TarequeTarigan, Ingan Ukur (54080771800)Ingan Ukur (54080771800)TariganThakur, Bhaskar (56810826900)Bhaskar (56810826900)ThakurThankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435)Kavumpurathu Raman (57202955435)ThankappanThapar, Rekha (36337431900)Rekha (36337431900)ThaparTolani, Musliu Adetola (57200450515)Musliu Adetola (57200450515)TolaniTovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)Marcos Roberto (56644977900)Tovani-PaloneTran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)Bach Xuan (57209107515)TranTripathy, Jaya Prasad (55290251600)Jaya Prasad (55290251600)TripathyTsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie (57216732977)Gebiyaw Wudie (57216732977)TsegayeTymeson, Hayley D. (57194139009)Hayley D. (57194139009)TymesonUllah, Saif (57219395828)Saif (57219395828)UllahUnim, Brigid (37862108700)Brigid (37862108700)UnimUpdike, Rachel L. (57204698680)Rachel L. (57204698680)UpdikeUthman, Olalekan A. (23026328100)Olalekan A. (23026328100)UthmanVacante, Marco (23037085900)Marco (23037085900)VacanteVardavas, Constantine (13410362100)Constantine (13410362100)VardavasVenketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy (56804702100)Narayanaswamy (56804702100)VenketasubramanianVerma, Madhur (57189521090)Madhur (57189521090)VermaVidale, Simone (14018677100)Simone (14018677100)VidaleVo, Bay (35147075900)Bay (35147075900)VoVu, Giang Thu (57202424871)Giang Thu (57202424871)VuWaheed, Yasir (35303643700)Yasir (35303643700)WaheedWang, Yanzhong (59417336500)Yanzhong (59417336500)WangWelding, Kevin (57190262025)Kevin (57190262025)WeldingWerdecker, Andrea (57208964895)Andrea (57208964895)WerdeckerWhisnant, Joanna L. (57204171508)Joanna L. (57204171508)WhisnantWickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)WickramasingheWubishet, Befikadu Legesse (57200671454)Befikadu Legesse (57200671454)WubishetYamagishi, Kazumasa (35231751500)Kazumasa (35231751500)YamagishiYano, Yuichiro (57196965200)Yuichiro (57196965200)YanoYazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid (56017415700)Vahid (56017415700)Yazdi-FeyzabadiYeshaw, Yigizie (57197818606)Yigizie (57197818606)YeshawYimmer, Mohammed Zewdu (57226839926)Mohammed Zewdu (57226839926)YimmerYonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)Naohiro (57204947657)YonemotoYousefi, Zabihollah (9743306100)Zabihollah (9743306100)YousefiYu, Chuanhua (57208140344)Chuanhua (57208140344)YuYunusa, Ismaeel (57202137670)Ismaeel (57202137670)YunusaYusefzadeh, Hasan (55887807200)Hasan (55887807200)YusefzadehZaman, Muhammed Shahriar (57221663045)Muhammed Shahriar (57221663045)ZamanZamani, Mohammad (57096222300)Mohammad (57096222300)ZamaniZamanian, Maryam (57201292465)Maryam (57201292465)ZamanianZastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)ZastrozhinZastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)Anasthasia (57210832491)ZastrozhinaZhang, Jianrong (56966801100)Jianrong (56966801100)ZhangZhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)ZhangZhong, Chenwen (59289905900)Chenwen (59289905900)ZhongZuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049)Yves Miel H. (57194979049)ZunigaGakidou, Emmanuela (57202567277)Emmanuela (57202567277)Gakidou2025-06-122025-06-122021https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00065-7https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111785026&doi=10.1016%2fS2468-2667%2821%2900065-7&partnerID=40&md5=33b0a5c1fe0c2d61666bfbeec2004417https://remedy.med.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4147Background: Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods: We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings: In 2019, 273·9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258·5 to 290·9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4·72% (4·46 to 5·01). 228·2 million (213·6 to 244·7; 83·29% [82·15 to 84·42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15–19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age-standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: –1·21% [–1·26 to –1·16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0·46% [0·13 to 0·79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (−0·94% [–1·72 to –0·14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation: Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license