Steinmetz, Jaimie D. (57221591053)Jaimie D. (57221591053)SteinmetzBourne, Rupert R.A. (7103377631)Rupert R.A. (7103377631)BourneBriant, Paul Svitil (57196152334)Paul Svitil (57196152334)BriantFlaxman, Seth (35190257400)Seth (35190257400)FlaxmanTaylor, Hugh R. (55550572900)Hugh R. (55550572900)TaylorJonas, Jost B. (7202492953)Jost B. (7202492953)JonasAbdoli, Amir (59421084100)Amir (59421084100)AbdoliAbrha, Woldu Aberhe (57210943530)Woldu Aberhe (57210943530)AbrhaAbualhasan, Ahmed (57211135523)Ahmed (57211135523)AbualhasanAbu-Gharbieh, Eman (24586714800)Eman (24586714800)Abu-GharbiehAdal, Tadele Girum (57221588673)Tadele Girum (57221588673)AdalAfshin, Ashkan (57217465455)Ashkan (57217465455)AfshinAhmadieh, Hamid (57217239897)Hamid (57217239897)AhmadiehAlemayehu, Wondu (6603772848)Wondu (6603772848)AlemayehuAlemzadeh, Sayyed Amirpooya (56082872000)Sayyed Amirpooya (56082872000)AlemzadehAlfaar, Ahmed Samir (55319978300)Ahmed Samir (55319978300)AlfaarAlipour, Vahid (56436629300)Vahid (56436629300)AlipourAndroudi, Sofia (6603286512)Sofia (6603286512)AndroudiArabloo, Jalal (57208760927)Jalal (57208760927)ArablooArditi, Aries (57207554001)Aries (57207554001)ArditiAregawi, Brhane Berhe (57221588539)Brhane Berhe (57221588539)AregawiArrigo, Alessandro (56331647600)Alessandro (56331647600)ArrigoAshbaugh, Charlie (57218878439)Charlie (57218878439)AshbaughAshrafi, Elham (35267734300)Elham (35267734300)AshrafiAtnafu, Desta Debalkie (57203502301)Desta Debalkie (57203502301)AtnafuBagli, Eleni (6506528499)Eleni (6506528499)BagliBaig, Atif Amin (49460999600)Atif Amin (49460999600)BaigBärnighausen, Till Winfried (59454576800)Till Winfried (59454576800)BärnighausenParodi, Maurizio Battaglia (57218664419)Maurizio Battaglia (57218664419)ParodiBeheshti, Mahya (57208333398)Mahya (57208333398)BeheshtiBhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth (57217185969)Akshaya Srikanth (57217185969)BhagavathulaBhardwaj, Nikha (57221591832)Nikha (57221591832)BhardwajBhardwaj, Pankaj (57226841442)Pankaj (57226841442)BhardwajBhattacharyya, Krittika (57204647266)Krittika (57204647266)BhattacharyyaBijani, Ali (23134684900)Ali (23134684900)BijaniBikbov, Mukharram (6507082164)Mukharram (6507082164)BikbovBottone, Michele (56943234300)Michele (56943234300)BottoneBraithwaite, Tasanee (55522947000)Tasanee (55522947000)BraithwaiteBron, Alain M. (7103248039)Alain M. (7103248039)BronNagaraja, Sharath Burugina (46961272800)Sharath Burugina (46961272800)NagarajaButt, Zahid A. (57202522739)Zahid A. (57202522739)ButtLuciano Caetano dos Santos, Florentino (56373058500)Florentino (56373058500)Luciano Caetano dos SantosCarneiro, Vera L.A. (57213266524)Vera L.A. (57213266524)CarneiroCasson, Robert James (6603840796)Robert James (6603840796)CassonCheng, Ching-Yu (59286970100)Ching-Yu (59286970100)ChengChoi, Jee-Young Jasmine (57209706428)Jee-Young Jasmine (57209706428)ChoiChu, Dinh-Toi (56239816300)Dinh-Toi (56239816300)ChuCicinelli, Maria Vittoria (37260895200)Maria Vittoria (37260895200)CicinelliCoelho, João M. (57194215965)João M. (57194215965)CoelhoCongdon, Nathan G. (57217248626)Nathan G. (57217248626)CongdonCouto, Rosa A.S. (56132363700)Rosa A.S. (56132363700)CoutoCromwell, Elizabeth A. (15727546000)Elizabeth A. 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(57216789066)LeGrandLeveziel, Nicolas (35321211600)Nicolas (35321211600)LevezielLimburg, Hans (7003274856)Hans (7003274856)LimburgLiu, Xuefeng (37050047900)Xuefeng (37050047900)LiuKunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava (56951087800)Shilpashree Madhava (56951087800)KunjathurMaleki, Shokofeh (57200675775)Shokofeh (57200675775)MalekiManafi, Navid (57190424904)Navid (57190424904)ManafiMansouri, Kaweh (58294806200)Kaweh (58294806200)MansouriMcAlinden, Colm (35325278500)Colm (35325278500)McAlindenMeles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael (57211140536)Gebrekiros Gebremichael (57211140536)MelesMersha, Abera M. (57205064523)Abera M. (57205064523)MershaMichalek, Irmina Maria (56982945900)Irmina Maria (56982945900)MichalekMiller, Ted R. (57226840428)Ted R. (57226840428)MillerMisra, Sanjeev (35501005200)Sanjeev (35501005200)MisraMohammad, Yousef (6603403710)Yousef (6603403710)MohammadMohammadi, Seyed Farzad (7005334788)Seyed Farzad (7005334788)MohammadiMohammed, Jemal Abdu (57211142589)Jemal Abdu (57211142589)MohammedMokdad, Ali H. (59021699900)Ali H. (59021699900)MokdadMoni, Mohammad Ali (35119094400)Mohammad Ali (35119094400)MoniAl Montasir, Ahmed (57222707819)Ahmed (57222707819)Al MontasirMorse, Alan R. (7102718380)Alan R. (7102718380)MorseMulaw, Getahun Fentaw (57218820812)Getahun Fentaw (57218820812)MulawNaderi, Mehdi (57202026927)Mehdi (57202026927)NaderiNaderifar, Homa (57188707273)Homa (57188707273)NaderifarNaidoo, Kovin S. (35564549000)Kovin S. (35564549000)NaidooNaimzada, Mukhammad David (57209744761)Mukhammad David (57209744761)NaimzadaNangia, Vinay (57201490837)Vinay (57201490837)NangiaSwamy, Sreenivas Narasimha (57222706843)Sreenivas Narasimha (57222706843)SwamyNaveed, Muhammad (58953995300)Muhammad (58953995300)NaveedNegash, Hadush (57209110507)Hadush (57209110507)NegashNguyen, Huong Lan Thi (57226837406)Huong Lan Thi (57226837406)NguyenNunez-Samudio, Virginia (15063201000)Virginia (15063201000)Nunez-SamudioOgbo, Felix Akpojene (57217186813)Felix Akpojene (57217186813)OgboOgundimu, Kolawole (6505646876)Kolawole (6505646876)OgundimuOlagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)Andrew T. (26029995700)OlagunjuOnwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855)Obinna E. (7003992855)OnwujekweOtstavnov, Nikita (57202947262)Nikita (57202947262)OtstavnovOwolabi, Mayowa O. (59372043000)Mayowa O. (59372043000)OwolabiPakshir, Keyvan (15838075900)Keyvan (15838075900)PakshirPanda-Jonas, Songhomitra (6603112353)Songhomitra (6603112353)Panda-JonasParekh, Utsav (55804990900)Utsav (55804990900)ParekhPark, Eun-Cheol (57208356854)Eun-Cheol (57208356854)ParkPasovic, Maja (57204523203)Maja (57204523203)PasovicPawar, Shrikant (58594958600)Shrikant (58594958600)PawarPesudovs, Konrad (59156861800)Konrad (59156861800)PesudovsPeto, Tunde (7005772831)Tunde (7005772831)PetoPham, Hai Quang (57217078995)Hai Quang (57217078995)PhamPinheiro, Marina (54397531500)Marina (54397531500)PinheiroPodder, Vivek (57201487580)Vivek (57201487580)PodderRahimi-Movaghar, Vafa (6507646446)Vafa (6507646446)Rahimi-MovagharRahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497)Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497)RahmanRamulu, Pradeep Y. (6602186935)Pradeep Y. (6602186935)RamuluRathi, Priya (57216633909)Priya (57216633909)RathiRawaf, David Laith (57209228052)David Laith (57209228052)RawafRawaf, Salman (6602475959)Salman (6602475959)RawafRawal, Lal (37262106500)Lal (37262106500)RawalReinig, Nickolas (57208577401)Nickolas (57208577401)ReinigRenzaho, Andre M.N. (57217062482)Andre M.N. (57217062482)RenzahoRezapour, Aziz (55548281300)Aziz (55548281300)RezapourRobin, Alan L. (35373759700)Alan L. (35373759700)RobinRossetti, Luca (57078136300)Luca (57078136300)RossettiSabour, Siamak (16307842100)Siamak (16307842100)SabourSafi, Sare (57219477293)Sare (57219477293)SafiSahebkar, Amirhossein (26639699900)Amirhossein (26639699900)SahebkarSahraian, Mohammad Ali (57219968932)Mohammad Ali (57219968932)SahraianSamy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)Abdallah M. (36973661300)SamySathian, Brijesh (27467953500)Brijesh (27467953500)SathianSaya, Ganesh Kumar (55391007900)Ganesh Kumar (55391007900)SayaSaylan, Mete (56253241700)Mete (56253241700)SaylanShaheen, Amira A. (57202954176)Amira A. (57202954176)ShaheenShaikh, Masood Ali (56673685600)Masood Ali (56673685600)ShaikhShen, Tueng T. (36852423700)Tueng T. (36852423700)ShenShibuya, Kenji (8948057900)Kenji (8948057900)ShibuyaShiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw (57214329180)Wondimeneh Shibabaw (57214329180)ShiferawShigematsu, Mika (23968093000)Mika (23968093000)ShigematsuShin, Jae Il (59734917100)Jae Il (59734917100)ShinSilva, Juan Carlos (8576007400)Juan Carlos (8576007400)SilvaSilvester, Alexander (33068382100)Alexander (33068382100)SilvesterSingh, Jasvinder A. (58179112300)Jasvinder A. (58179112300)SinghSinghal, Deepika (48361953900)Deepika (48361953900)SinghalSitorus, Rita S. (57221587271)Rita S. (57221587271)SitorusSkiadaresi, Eirini (37100428500)Eirini (37100428500)SkiadaresiSkryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)SkryabinSkryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)SkryabinaSoheili, Amin (57204123755)Amin (57204123755)SoheiliSorrie, Muluken Bekele (57195303874)Muluken Bekele (57195303874)SorrieSousa, Raúl A.R.C. (57218215064)Raúl A.R.C. (57218215064)SousaSreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)Chandrashekhar T. (57212263335)SreeramareddyStambolian, Dwight (58141205300)Dwight (58141205300)StambolianTadesse, Eyayou Girma (57221591705)Eyayou Girma (57221591705)TadesseTahhan, Nina (6507557960)Nina (6507557960)TahhanTareque, Md Ismail (58298394400)Md Ismail (58298394400)TarequeTopouzis, Fotis (57194262710)Fotis (57194262710)TopouzisTran, Bach Xuan (57209107515)Bach Xuan (57209107515)TranTsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie (57216732977)Gebiyaw Wudie (57216732977)TsegayeTsilimbaris, Miltiadis K. (57216802043)Miltiadis K. (57216802043)TsilimbarisVarma, Rohit (57218390144)Rohit (57218390144)VarmaVirgili, Gianni (7006732630)Gianni (7006732630)VirgiliVongpradith, Avina (57216661011)Avina (57216661011)VongpradithVu, Giang Thu (57226824976)Giang Thu (57226824976)VuWang, Ya Xing (47962560100)Ya Xing (47962560100)WangWang, Ningli (59683171300)Ningli (59683171300)WangWeldemariam, Abrha Hailay (57221587797)Abrha Hailay (57221587797)WeldemariamWest, Sheila K. (59297599300)Sheila K. (59297599300)WestWondmeneh, Temesgen Gebeyehu (57219426999)Temesgen Gebeyehu (57219426999)WondmenehWong, Tien Y. (59437790500)Tien Y. (59437790500)WongYaseri, Mehdi (23029507000)Mehdi (23029507000)YaseriYonemoto, Naohiro (59681251600)Naohiro (59681251600)YonemotoYu, Chuanhua (57208140344)Chuanhua (57208140344)YuZastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)ZastrozhinZastrozhina, Anasthasia (57210832491)Anasthasia (57210832491)ZastrozhinaZhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)ZhangZimsen, Stephanie R.M. (57196078433)Stephanie R.M. (57196078433)ZimsenResnikoff, Serge (7006012071)Serge (7006012071)ResnikoffVos, Theo (57223885848)Theo (57223885848)Vos2025-06-122025-06-122021https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30489-7https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099179366&doi=10.1016%2fS2214-109X%2820%2930489-7&partnerID=40&md5=c97ebbafd2158dc8541eccb7b8669e3bhttps://remedy.med.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4309Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation: Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license