Micah, Angela E. (57193064978)Angela E. (57193064978)MicahBhangdia, Kayleigh (57217027190)Kayleigh (57217027190)BhangdiaCogswell, Ian E. (57218688873)Ian E. (57218688873)CogswellLasher, Dylan (58137687600)Dylan (58137687600)LasherLidral-Porter, Brendan (57558241400)Brendan (57558241400)Lidral-PorterMaddison, Emilie R. (57196084094)Emilie R. (57196084094)MaddisonNguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc (58138358700)Trang Nhu Ngoc (58138358700)NguyenPatel, Nishali (57327396200)Nishali (57327396200)PatelPedroza, Paola (57205327950)Paola (57205327950)PedrozaSolorio, Juan (57738339700)Juan (57738339700)SolorioStutzman, Hayley (57218690046)Hayley (57218690046)StutzmanTsakalos, Golsum (57208403710)Golsum (57208403710)TsakalosWang, Yifeng (58138358800)Yifeng (58138358800)WangWarriner, Wesley (58138358900)Wesley (58138358900)WarrinerZhao, Yingxi (57194059646)Yingxi (57194059646)ZhaoZlavog, Bianca S. (57201657821)Bianca S. (57201657821)ZlavogAbbafati, Cristiana (54917122400)Cristiana (54917122400)AbbafatiAbbas, Jaffar (57217776454)Jaffar (57217776454)AbbasAbbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen (57193543882)Mohsen (57193543882)Abbasi-KangevariAbbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab (57441432300)Zeinab (57441432300)Abbasi-KangevariAbdelmasseh, Michael (57356690000)Michael (57356690000)AbdelmassehAbdulah, Deldar Morad (57200190808)Deldar Morad (57200190808)AbdulahAbedi, Aidin (56673854800)Aidin (56673854800)AbediAbegaz, Kedir Hussein (57200726326)Kedir Hussein (57200726326)AbegazAbhilash, E.S. (57226827662)E.S. (57226827662)AbhilashAboagye, Richard Gyan (57221438826)Richard Gyan (57221438826)AboagyeAbolhassani, Hassan (58597704600)Hassan (58597704600)AbolhassaniAbrigo, Michael R.M. (56018773400)Michael R.M. (56018773400)AbrigoAbubaker Ali, Hiwa (57441328600)Hiwa (57441328600)Abubaker AliAbu-Gharbieh, Eman (24586714800)Eman (24586714800)Abu-GharbiehAdem, Mohammed Hussien (59146436600)Mohammed Hussien (59146436600)AdemAfzal, Muhammad Sohail (56009310800)Muhammad Sohail (56009310800)AfzalAhmadi, Ali (57193998515)Ali (57193998515)AhmadiAhmed, Haroon (57222316680)Haroon (57222316680)AhmedAhmed Rashid, Tarik (57023479100)Tarik (57023479100)Ahmed RashidAji, Budi (55911737200)Budi (55911737200)AjiAkbarialiabad, Hossein (57216353984)Hossein (57216353984)AkbarialiabadAkelew, Yibeltal (57219776057)Yibeltal (57219776057)AkelewAl Hamad, Hanadi (56955516200)Hanadi (56955516200)Al HamadAlam, Khurshid (57203681299)Khurshid (57203681299)AlamAlanezi, Fahad Mashhour (57213607595)Fahad Mashhour (57213607595)AlaneziAlanzi, Turki M. (55978240000)Turki M. (55978240000)AlanziAl-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled (57195715156)Mohammed Khaled (57195715156)Al-HanawiAlhassan, Robert Kaba (55829647800)Robert Kaba (55829647800)AlhassanAljunid, Syed Mohamed (6504304159)Syed Mohamed (6504304159)AljunidAlmustanyir, Sami (57217589155)Sami (57217589155)AlmustanyirAl-Raddadi, Rajaa M. (57219673720)Rajaa M. (57219673720)Al-RaddadiAlvis-Guzman, Nelson (57210741239)Nelson (57210741239)Alvis-GuzmanAlvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. (57193279948)Nelson J. (57193279948)Alvis-ZakzukAmare, Azmeraw T. (57202220009)Azmeraw T. (57202220009)AmareAmeyaw, Edward Kwabena (57194076624)Edward Kwabena (57194076624)AmeyawAmini-Rarani, Mostafa (55768670300)Mostafa (55768670300)Amini-RaraniAmu, Hubert (57190183918)Hubert (57190183918)AmuAncuceanu, Robert (35728302200)Robert (35728302200)AncuceanuAndrei, Tudorel (24179349400)Tudorel (24179349400)AndreiAnwar, Sumadi Lukman (55251130100)Sumadi Lukman (55251130100)AnwarAppiah, Francis (57210715590)Francis (57210715590)AppiahAqeel, Muhammad (57192083161)Muhammad (57192083161)AqeelArabloo, Jalal (57208760927)Jalal (57208760927)ArablooArab-Zozani, Morteza (57210284593)Morteza (57210284593)Arab-ZozaniAravkin, Aleksandr Y. (35386103000)Aleksandr Y. (35386103000)AravkinAremu, Olatunde (57214958833)Olatunde (57214958833)AremuAruleba, Raphael Taiwo (57200625209)Raphael Taiwo (57200625209)ArulebaAthari, Seyyed Shamsadin (26653399600)Seyyed Shamsadin (26653399600)AthariAvila-Burgos, Leticia (8530790100)Leticia (8530790100)Avila-BurgosAyanore, Martin Amogre (57070358300)Martin Amogre (57070358300)AyanoreAzari, Samad (56396696500)Samad (56396696500)AzariBaig, Atif Amin (49460999600)Atif Amin (49460999600)BaigBantie, Abere Tilahun (57216549219)Abere Tilahun (57216549219)BantieBarrow, Amadou (57217061576)Amadou (57217061576)BarrowBaskaran, Pritish (57464679900)Pritish (57464679900)BaskaranBasu, Sanjay (9335409500)Sanjay (9335409500)BasuBatiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad (54940645200)Abdul-Monim Mohammad (54940645200)BatihaBaune, Bernhard T. (6603807336)Bernhard T. (6603807336)BauneBerezvai, Zombor (56957219700)Zombor (56957219700)BerezvaiBhardwaj, Nikha (57221591832)Nikha (57221591832)BhardwajBhardwaj, Pankaj (57226841442)Pankaj (57226841442)BhardwajBhaskar, Sonu (57192268582)Sonu (57192268582)BhaskarBoachie, Micheal Kofi (57191598132)Micheal Kofi (57191598132)BoachieBodolica, Virginia (22978699000)Virginia (22978699000)BodolicaBotelho, João Silva Botelho (59843789000)João Silva Botelho (59843789000)BotelhoBraithwaite, Dejana (7006987079)Dejana (7006987079)BraithwaiteBreitborde, Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)Nicholas J.K. (6603260895)BreitbordeBusse, Reinhard (35589070800)Reinhard (35589070800)BusseCahuana-Hurtado, Lucero (57207890731)Lucero (57207890731)Cahuana-HurtadoCatalá-López, Ferrán (57202553733)Ferrán (57202553733)Catalá-LópezChansa, Collins (24400981500)Collins (24400981500)ChansaCharan, Jaykaran (9251091600)Jaykaran (9251091600)CharanChattu, Vijay Kumar (55743746500)Vijay Kumar (55743746500)ChattuChen, Simiao (57203514169)Simiao (57203514169)ChenChukwu, Isaac Sunday (57217204488)Isaac Sunday (57217204488)ChukwuDadras, Omid (57205721978)Omid (57205721978)DadrasDandona, Lalit (7007017243)Lalit (7007017243)DandonaDandona, Rakhi (57203043697)Rakhi (57203043697)DandonaDargahi, Abdollah (55763166800)Abdollah (55763166800)DargahiDebela, Sisay Abebe (57209640708)Sisay Abebe (57209640708)DebelaDenova-Gutiérrez, Edgar (25228198700)Edgar (25228198700)Denova-GutiérrezDesye, Belay (57224639134)Belay (57224639134)DesyeDharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda (57226838689)Samath Dhamminda (57226838689)DharmaratneDiao, Nancy (54940097400)Nancy (54940097400)DiaoDoan, Linh Phuong (57210071311)Linh Phuong (57210071311)DoanDodangeh, Milad (57212454107)Milad (57212454107)Dodangehdos Santos, Wendel Mombaque (54949595500)Wendel Mombaque (54949595500)dos SantosDoshmangir, Leila (44261140600)Leila (44261140600)DoshmangirDube, John (57356760200)John (57356760200)DubeEini, Ebrahim (56031829700)Ebrahim (56031829700)EiniEl Sayed Zaki, Maysaa (57203666922)Maysaa (57203666922)El Sayed ZakiEl Tantawi, Maha (57214851491)Maha (57214851491)El TantawiEnyew, Daniel Berhanie (57226671568)Daniel Berhanie (57226671568)EnyewEskandarieh, Sharareh (57211720158)Sharareh (57211720158)EskandariehEzati Asar, Mohamad (55210909500)Mohamad (55210909500)Ezati AsarFagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis (50861113000)Adeniyi Francis (50861113000)FagbamigbeFaraon, Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)Emerito Jose A. (57195414019)FaraonFatehizadeh, Ali (36782045000)Ali (36782045000)FatehizadehFattahi, Hamed (57205063113)Hamed (57205063113)FattahiFekadu, Ginenus (57207252461)Ginenus (57207252461)FekaduFischer, Florian (55508208800)Florian (55508208800)FischerFoigt, Nataliya A. (57216998893)Nataliya A. (57216998893)FoigtFowobaje, Kayode Raphael (57203988822)Kayode Raphael (57203988822)FowobajeFreitas, Alberto (57217280282)Alberto (57217280282)FreitasFukumoto, Takeshi (26531100300)Takeshi (26531100300)FukumotoFullman, Nancy (57211064970)Nancy (57211064970)FullmanGaal, Peter Andras (55966171600)Peter Andras (55966171600)GaalGamkrelidze, Amiran (6506029209)Amiran (6506029209)GamkrelidzeGarcia-Gordillo, M.A. (55930749500)M.A. (55930749500)Garcia-GordilloGebrehiwot, Mesfin (57192100745)Mesfin (57192100745)GebrehiwotGerema, Urge (57216249028)Urge (57216249028)GeremaGhafourifard, Mansour (57193420915)Mansour (57193420915)GhafourifardGhamari, Seyyed-Hadi (57207567632)Seyyed-Hadi (57207567632)GhamariGhanbari, Reza (57190288258)Reza (57190288258)GhanbariGhashghaee, Ahmad (57194174020)Ahmad (57194174020)GhashghaeeGholamrezanezhad, Ali (10044363200)Ali (10044363200)GholamrezanezhadGolechha, Mahaveer (36006347600)Mahaveer (36006347600)GolechhaGolinelli, Davide (57194230279)Davide (57194230279)GolinelliGoshu, Yitayal Ayalew (57203240769)Yitayal Ayalew (57203240769)GoshuGoyomsa, Girma Garedew (57483987800)Girma Garedew (57483987800)GoyomsaGuha, Avirup (56201612900)Avirup (56201612900)GuhaGunawardane, Damitha Asanga (57201316656)Damitha Asanga (57201316656)GunawardaneGupta, Bhawna (56763353100)Bhawna (56763353100)GuptaHamidi, Samer (24366336000)Samer (24366336000)HamidiHarapan, Harapan (55844857500)Harapan (55844857500)HarapanHashempour, Reza (57210358866)Reza (57210358866)HashempourHayat, Khezar (57219918947)Khezar (57219918947)HayatHeidari, Golnaz (57218883864)Golnaz (57218883864)HeidariHeredia-Pi, Ileana (36941085200)Ileana (36941085200)Heredia-PiHerteliu, Claudiu (26035943100)Claudiu (26035943100)HerteliuHeyi, Demisu Zenbaba (57326428900)Demisu Zenbaba (57326428900)HeyiHezam, Kamal (57199187791)Kamal (57199187791)HezamHiraike, Yuta (55701690300)Yuta (55701690300)HiraikeHlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni (57205240718)Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni (57205240718)HlongwaHolla, Ramesh (55270371800)Ramesh (55270371800)HollaHoque, Mohammad Enamul (55337968200)Mohammad Enamul (55337968200)HoqueHosseinzadeh, Mehdi (57201880569)Mehdi (57201880569)HosseinzadehHostiuc, Sorin (24829099800)Sorin (24829099800)HostiucHussain, Salman (57193956545)Salman (57193956545)HussainIlesanmi, Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)Olayinka Stephen (54782692800)IlesanmiImmurana, Mustapha (57215875071)Mustapha (57215875071)ImmuranaIradukunda, Arnaud (57352012300)Arnaud (57352012300)IradukundaIsmail, Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900)Nahlah Elkudssiah (57885381900)IsmailIsola, Gaetano (25825125500)Gaetano (25825125500)IsolaMerin J, Linda (58284479600)Linda (58284479600)Merin JJakovljevic, Mihajlo (14318929700)Mihajlo (14318929700)JakovljevicJalili, Mahsa (57214912847)Mahsa (57214912847)JaliliJanodia, Manthan Dilipkumar (12791073000)Manthan Dilipkumar (12791073000)JanodiaJavaheri, Tahereh (36102883000)Tahereh (36102883000)JavaheriJayapal, Sathish Kumar (57202019648)Sathish Kumar (57202019648)JayapalJemere, Digisie Mequanint (58137462300)Digisie Mequanint (58137462300)JemereJoo, Tamas (57214777013)Tamas (57214777013)JooJoseph, Nitin (35292547200)Nitin (35292547200)JosephJozwiak, Jacek Jerzy (21833993700)Jacek Jerzy (21833993700)JozwiakJürisson, Mikk (55547524800)Mikk (55547524800)JürissonKaambwa, Billingsley (25521610300)Billingsley (25521610300)KaambwaKadashetti, Vidya (56724219200)Vidya (56724219200)KadashettiKadel, Rajendra (57196080325)Rajendra (57196080325)KadelKadir, Dler Hussein (57211243421)Dler Hussein (57211243421)KadirKalankesh, Laleh R. (57200529685)Laleh R. (57200529685)KalankeshKamath, Rajesh (35546251600)Rajesh (35546251600)KamathKandel, Himal (57226834655)Himal (57226834655)KandelKantar, Rami S. (56719718400)Rami S. (56719718400)KantarKaranth, Shama D. (57208742503)Shama D. (57208742503)KaranthKaraye, Ibraheem M. (55598638900)Ibraheem M. (55598638900)KarayeKarimi, Salah Eddin (57218689006)Salah Eddin (57218689006)KarimiKassa, Bekalu Getnet (57218821605)Bekalu Getnet (57218821605)KassaKayode, Gbenga A. (53463867400)Gbenga A. (53463867400)KayodeKeikavoosi-Arani, Leila (58630116900)Leila (58630116900)Keikavoosi-AraniKeshri, Vikash Ranjan (57195604516)Vikash Ranjan (57195604516)KeshriKeskin, Cumali (57819807000)Cumali (57819807000)KeskinKhader, Yousef Saleh (55654192600)Yousef Saleh (55654192600)KhaderKhafaie, Morteza Abdullatif (55608324700)Morteza Abdullatif (55608324700)KhafaieKhajuria, Himanshu (56639982500)Himanshu (56639982500)KhajuriaKhayat Kashani, Hamid Reza (57132486000)Hamid Reza (57132486000)Khayat KashaniKifle, Zemene Demelash (57216524881)Zemene Demelash (57216524881)KifleKim, Hanna (55950033500)Hanna (55950033500)KimKim, Jihee (59667876600)Jihee (59667876600)KimKim, Min Seo (57203591936)Min Seo (57203591936)KimKim, Yun Jin (57211086375)Yun Jin (57211086375)KimKisa, Adnan (6603346067)Adnan (6603346067)KisaKohler, Stefan (57865525700)Stefan (57865525700)KohlerKompani, Farzad (56071483000)Farzad (56071483000)KompaniKosen, Soewarta (57211346192)Soewarta (57211346192)KosenKoulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi (57196152832)Sindhura Lakshmi (57196152832)Koulmane LaxminarayanaKoyanagi, Ai (57197741912)Ai (57197741912)KoyanagiKrishan, Kewal (57202279708)Kewal (57202279708)KrishanKusuma, Dian (57190047530)Dian (57190047530)KusumaLám, Judit (7201973410)Judit (7201973410)LámLamnisos, Demetris (54404766700)Demetris (54404766700)LamnisosLarsson, Anders O. (56381985300)Anders O. (56381985300)LarssonLee, Sang-Woong (57193130569)Sang-Woong (57193130569)LeeLee, Shaun Wen Huey (35201185800)Shaun Wen Huey (35201185800)LeeLee, Wei-Chen (57394248700)Wei-Chen (57394248700)LeeLee, Yo Han (57193632340)Yo Han (57193632340)LeeLenzi, Jacopo (57200000691)Jacopo (57200000691)LenziLim, Lee-Ling (56988527400)Lee-Ling (56988527400)LimLorenzovici, László (57200941835)László (57200941835)LorenzoviciLozano, Rafael (57570224000)Rafael (57570224000)LozanoMachado, Vanessa Sintra Machado (57194831389)Vanessa Sintra Machado (57194831389)MachadoMadadizadeh, Farzan (57188822072)Farzan (57188822072)MadadizadehMagdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed (57201191366)Mohammed (57201191366)Magdy Abd El RazekMahmoudi, Razzagh (55397852300)Razzagh (55397852300)MahmoudiMajeed, Azeem (57217722657)Azeem (57217722657)MajeedMalekpour, Mohammad-Reza (57222048473)Mohammad-Reza (57222048473)MalekpourManda, Ana Laura (57204567674)Ana Laura (57204567674)MandaMansouri, Borhan (54417707600)Borhan (54417707600)MansouriMansournia, Mohammad Ali (34570618600)Mohammad Ali (34570618600)MansourniaMantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni (7006357517)Lorenzo Giovanni (7006357517)MantovaniMarrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto (57189036878)Carlos Alberto (57189036878)Marrugo ArnedoMartorell, Miquel (57211415589)Miquel (57211415589)MartorellMasoud, Ali (55320650900)Ali (55320650900)MasoudMathews, Elezebeth (55572555900)Elezebeth (55572555900)MathewsMaude, Richard James (25625222500)Richard James (25625222500)MaudeMechili, Enkeleint A. (56728736500)Enkeleint A. (56728736500)MechiliMehrabi Nasab, Entezar (56062744400)Entezar (56062744400)Mehrabi NasabMendes, José João João Mendes (57194835015)José João João Mendes (57194835015)MendesMeretoja, Atte (12775885500)Atte (12775885500)MeretojaMeretoja, Tuomo J. (57219008708)Tuomo J. (57219008708)MeretojaMesregah, Mohamed Kamal (57204623773)Mohamed Kamal (57204623773)MesregahMestrovic, Tomislav (6507240107)Tomislav (6507240107)MestrovicMirica, Andreea (57188983765)Andreea (57188983765)MiricaMirrakhimov, Erkin M. (57508336100)Erkin M. (57508336100)MirrakhimovMirutse, Mizan Kiros (57218655170)Mizan Kiros (57218655170)MirutseMirza, Moonis (57819634800)Moonis (57819634800)MirzaMirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad (57194018318)Mohammad (57194018318)Mirza-Aghazadeh-AttariMisganaw, Awoke (57202808713)Awoke (57202808713)MisganawMoccia, Marcello (36461391900)Marcello (36461391900)MocciaMoghadasi, Javad (58137462700)Javad (58137462700)MoghadasiMohammadi, Esmaeil (57210443452)Esmaeil (57210443452)MohammadiMohammadi, Mokhtar (57188972365)Mokhtar (57188972365)MohammadiMohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah (55602206500)Abdollah (55602206500)Mohammadian-HafshejaniMohammadshahi, Marita (56189561300)Marita (56189561300)MohammadshahiMohammed, Shafiu (57838689000)Shafiu (57838689000)MohammedMohseni, Mohammad (57203196853)Mohammad (57203196853)MohseniMokdad, Ali H. (7004813962)Ali H. (7004813962)MokdadMonasta, Lorenzo (7801520497)Lorenzo (7801520497)MonastaMossialos, Elias (7004354602)Elias (7004354602)MossialosMostafavi, Ebrahim (57440829200)Ebrahim (57440829200)MostafaviMousavi Isfahani, Haleh (56049677000)Haleh (56049677000)Mousavi IsfahaniMpundu-Kaambwa, Christine (56148346600)Christine (56148346600)Mpundu-KaambwaMurthy, Shruti (56193736700)Shruti (56193736700)MurthyMuthupandian, Saravanan (54585668500)Saravanan (54585668500)MuthupandianNagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074)Ahamarshan Jayaraman (57204562074)NagarajanNaidoo, Kovin S. (35564549000)Kovin S. (35564549000)NaidooNaimzada, Mukhammad David (57209744761)Mukhammad David (57209744761)NaimzadaNangia, Vinay (57201490837)Vinay (57201490837)NangiaNaqvi, Atta Abbas (56501393600)Atta Abbas (56501393600)NaqviNayak, Biswa Prakash (56639942500)Biswa Prakash (56639942500)NayakNdejjo, Rawlance (56586121600)Rawlance (56586121600)NdejjoNguyen, Trang Huyen (59142352200)Trang Huyen (59142352200)NguyenNoroozi, Nafise (57219412726)Nafise (57219412726)NorooziNoubiap, Jean Jacques (55490374000)Jean Jacques (55490374000)NoubiapNuruzzaman, Khan M. (57850976400)Khan M. (57850976400)NuruzzamanNzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe (57217058740)Chimezie Igwegbe (57217058740)NzoputamNzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet (57819279400)Ogochukwu Janet (57819279400)NzoputamOancea, Bogdan (26658614800)Bogdan (26658614800)OanceaObi, Felix Chukwudi Abrahams (58137238700)Felix Chukwudi Abrahams (58137238700)ObiOgunkoya, Abiola (57279728300)Abiola (57279728300)OgunkoyaOh, In-Hwan (57204090669)In-Hwan (57204090669)OhOkonji, Osaretin Christabel (57222864302)Osaretin Christabel (57222864302)OkonjiOlagunju, Andrew T. (26029995700)Andrew T. (26029995700)OlagunjuOlagunju, Tinuke O. (57203076824)Tinuke O. (57203076824)OlagunjuOlakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun (55251697700)Babayemi Oluwaseun (55251697700)OlakundeOmar Bali, Ahmed (57201273344)Ahmed (57201273344)Omar BaliOnwujekwe, Obinna E. (7003992855)Obinna E. (7003992855)OnwujekweOpio, John Nelson (57200124403)John Nelson (57200124403)OpioOtoiu, Adrian (56375694100)Adrian (56375694100)OtoiuOtstavnov, Nikita (57202947262)Nikita (57202947262)OtstavnovOtstavnov, Stanislav S. (57204561394)Stanislav S. (57204561394)OtstavnovOwolabi, Mayowa O. (57222581892)Mayowa O. (57222581892)OwolabiPalicz, Tamás (57218865382)Tamás (57218865382)PaliczPalladino, Raffaele (57215205417)Raffaele (57215205417)PalladinoPana, Adrian (57191837583)Adrian (57191837583)PanaParekh, Tarang (57205447202)Tarang (57205447202)ParekhPasupula, Deepak Kumar (57196471042)Deepak Kumar (57196471042)PasupulaPatel, Jay (59222700400)Jay (59222700400)PatelPatton, George C. (7102184358)George C. (7102184358)PattonPaudel, Uttam (56600660600)Uttam (56600660600)PaudelPaun, Mihaela (24725283900)Mihaela (24725283900)PaunPawar, Shrikant (58594958600)Shrikant (58594958600)PawarPerna, Simone (57202419601)Simone (57202419601)PernaPerumalsamy, Navaraj (57823176800)Navaraj (57823176800)PerumalsamyPetcu, Ionela-Roxana (57094897500)Ionela-Roxana (57094897500)PetcuPiracha, Zahra Zahid (57189084862)Zahra Zahid (57189084862)PirachaPoursadeqiyan, Mohsen (57190208368)Mohsen (57190208368)PoursadeqiyanPourtaheri, Naeimeh (57204143814)Naeimeh (57204143814)PourtaheriPrada, Sergio I. (55259772200)Sergio I. (55259772200)PradaRafiei, Sima (35334981100)Sima (35334981100)RafieiRaghav, Pankaja Raghav (57208123272)Pankaja Raghav (57208123272)RaghavRahim, Fakher (23052247800)Fakher (23052247800)RahimRahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497)Mohammad Hifz Ur (57208867497)RahmanRahman, Mosiur (55457953000)Mosiur (55457953000)RahmanRahmani, Amir Masoud (57204588830)Amir Masoud (57204588830)RahmaniRanabhat, Chhabi Lal (56719695500)Chhabi Lal (56719695500)RanabhatRaru, Temam Beshir (57222535777)Temam Beshir (57222535777)RaruRashedi, Sina (57222342404)Sina (57222342404)RashediRashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi (57324471900)Mohammad-Mahdi (57324471900)RashidiRavangard, Ramin (36158947900)Ramin (36158947900)RavangardRawaf, Salman (6602475959)Salman (6602475959)RawafRawassizadeh, Reza (36634807900)Reza (36634807900)RawassizadehRedwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed (59012858000)Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed (59012858000)RedwanReiner, Robert C. (57203229088)Robert C. (57203229088)ReinerRenzaho, Andre M.N. (6505786588)Andre M.N. (6505786588)RenzahoRezaei, Maryam (57211678662)Maryam (57211678662)RezaeiRezaei, Nazila (36700192900)Nazila (36700192900)RezaeiRiaz, Mavra A. (57226839268)Mavra A. (57226839268)RiazRodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia (22936575000)Jefferson Antonio Buendia (22936575000)RodriguezSaad, Aly M.A. (56740147200)Aly M.A. (56740147200)SaadSaddik, Basema (23020079300)Basema (23020079300)SaddikSadeghian, Saeid (35209132200)Saeid (35209132200)SadeghianSaeb, Mohammad Reza (24833454900)Mohammad Reza (24833454900)SaebSaeed, Umar (36612315100)Umar (36612315100)SaeedSahu, Maitreyi (57216341277)Maitreyi (57216341277)SahuSaki, Morteza (54382406800)Morteza (54382406800)SakiSalamati, Payman (14045860600)Payman (14045860600)SalamatiSalari, Hedayat (55508243600)Hedayat (55508243600)SalariSalehi, Sana (57209618440)Sana (57209618440)SalehiSamy, Abdallah M. (36973661300)Abdallah M. (36973661300)SamySanabria, Juan (57226829732)Juan (57226829732)SanabriaSanmarchi, Francesco (57221791070)Francesco (57221791070)SanmarchiSantos, João Vasco (57226214352)João Vasco (57226214352)SantosSantric-Milicevic, Milena M. (57211144346)Milena M. (57211144346)Santric-MilicevicSao Jose, Bruno Piassi (57204561719)Bruno Piassi (57204561719)Sao JoseSarikhani, Yaser (36094715700)Yaser (36094715700)SarikhaniSathian, Brijesh (27467953500)Brijesh (27467953500)SathianSatpathy, Maheswar (57202563691)Maheswar (57202563691)SatpathySavic, Miloje (57204524150)Miloje (57204524150)SavicSayadi, Yaser (55558151000)Yaser (55558151000)SayadiSchwendicke, Falk (55639536600)Falk (55639536600)SchwendickeSenthilkumaran, Subramanian (36191387000)Subramanian (36191387000)SenthilkumaranSepanlou, Sadaf G. (36248136000)Sadaf G. (36248136000)SepanlouServán-Mori, Edson (57202594826)Edson (57202594826)Serván-MoriSetshegetso, Naomi (57200418033)Naomi (57200418033)SetshegetsoSeylani, Allen (57222325334)Allen (57222325334)SeylaniShahabi, Saeed (57211581903)Saeed (57211581903)ShahabiShaikh, Masood Ali (57203122601)Masood Ali (57203122601)ShaikhShakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich (59520959100)Murad Ziyaudinovich (59520959100)ShakhmardanovShanawaz, Mohd (57208665379)Mohd (57208665379)ShanawazSharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew (57224505062)Mequannent Melaku Sharew (57224505062)SharewSharew, Nigussie Tadesse (56539990300)Nigussie Tadesse (56539990300)SharewSharma, Rajesh (58228412600)Rajesh (58228412600)SharmaShayan, Maryam (57209496707)Maryam (57209496707)ShayanSheikh, Aziz (7202522962)Aziz (7202522962)SheikhShenoy, Suchitra M. (57212628470)Suchitra M. (57212628470)ShenoyShetty, Adithi (57315189400)Adithi (57315189400)ShettyShetty, Pavanchand H. (56366875300)Pavanchand H. (56366875300)ShettyShivakumar, K.M. (57221603938)K.M. (57221603938)ShivakumarSilva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues (11838952800)Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues (11838952800)SilvaSimegn, Wudneh (57216389675)Wudneh (57216389675)SimegnSingh, Jasvinder A. (58179112300)Jasvinder A. (58179112300)SinghSingh, Kuldeep (57208748920)Kuldeep (57208748920)SinghSkhvitaridze, Natia (55444916100)Natia (55444916100)SkhvitaridzeSkryabin, Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)Valentin Yurievich (57226830981)SkryabinSkryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)Anna Aleksandrovna (57218875198)SkryabinaSocea, Bogdan (32267661900)Bogdan (32267661900)SoceaSolomon, Yonatan (57220875005)Yonatan (57220875005)SolomonSong, Suhang (57194455017)Suhang (57194455017)SongȘtefan, Simona Cătălina (56967857700)Simona Cătălina (56967857700)ȘtefanSuleman, Muhammad (57196800921)Muhammad (57196800921)SulemanTabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael (6602981102)Rafael (6602981102)Tabarés-SeisdedosTat, Nathan Y. (57820156400)Nathan Y. (57820156400)TatTat, Vivian Y. (57221326673)Vivian Y. (57221326673)TatTefera, Belay Negash (57225290578)Belay Negash (57225290578)TeferaTichopad, Ales (57208455403)Ales (57208455403)TichopadTobe-Gai, Ruoyan (57209276611)Ruoyan (57209276611)Tobe-GaiTovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (56644977900)Marcos Roberto (56644977900)Tovani-PaloneTudor Car, Lorainne (48561867100)Lorainne (48561867100)Tudor CarTufa, Derara Girma (57221559408)Derara Girma (57221559408)TufaVasankari, Tommi Juhani (57200592416)Tommi Juhani (57200592416)VasankariVasic, Milena (6506419355)Milena (6506419355)VasicVervoort, Dominique (57202385503)Dominique (57202385503)VervoortVlassov, Vasily (57211633239)Vasily (57211633239)VlassovVo, Bay (35147075900)Bay (35147075900)VoVu, Linh Gia (57210070319)Linh Gia (57210070319)VuWaheed, Yasir (35303643700)Yasir (35303643700)WaheedWamai, Richard G. (23969762700)Richard G. (23969762700)WamaiWang, Cong (15924372200)Cong (15924372200)WangWassie, Gizachew Tadesse (57216988367)Gizachew Tadesse (57216988367)WassieWickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)Nuwan Darshana (55326938000)WickramasingheYaya, Sanni (55191139800)Sanni (55191139800)YayaYigit, Arzu (57820497600)Arzu (57820497600)YigitYiğit, Vahit (57222328239)Vahit (57222328239)YiğitYonemoto, Naohiro (57204947657)Naohiro (57204947657)YonemotoYounis, Mustafa Z. (8549393000)Mustafa Z. (8549393000)YounisYu, Chuanhua (57208140344)Chuanhua (57208140344)YuYunusa, Ismaeel (57202137670)Ismaeel (57202137670)YunusaZaki, Leila (57204106631)Leila (57204106631)ZakiZaman, Burhan Abdullah (57209607964)Burhan Abdullah (57209607964)ZamanZangeneh, Alireza (56071697900)Alireza (56071697900)ZangenehZare Dehnavi, Ali (57211772302)Ali (57211772302)Zare DehnaviZastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)Mikhail Sergeevich (56728932200)ZastrozhinZeng, Wu (42962904300)Wu (42962904300)ZengZhang, Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)Zhi-Jiang (56068578400)ZhangZuhlke, Liesl J. (57209027746)Liesl J. (57209027746)ZuhlkeZuniga, Yves Miel H. (57194979049)Yves Miel H. (57194979049)ZunigaHay, Simon I. (7101875313)Simon I. (7101875313)HayMurray, Christopher J.L. (57224556036)Christopher J.L. (57224556036)MurrayDieleman, Joseph L. (54891678100)Joseph L. (54891678100)Dieleman2025-06-122025-06-122023https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00007-4https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148306723&doi=10.1016%2fS2214-109X%2823%2900007-4&partnerID=40&md5=361fd9f6c0fbd3ced830d5effe529753https://remedy.med.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2760Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation: There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license