Ranković, Ivan (57192091879)Ivan (57192091879)RankovićMilivojević, Vladimir (57192082297)Vladimir (57192082297)MilivojevićMarković, Aleksandra Pavlović (24438035400)Aleksandra Pavlović (24438035400)MarkovićBezmarević, Mihailo (36542131300)Mihailo (36542131300)Bezmarević2025-06-122025-06-122022https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i4.497https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123864549&doi=10.3748%2fwjg.v28.i4.497&partnerID=40&md5=3fc3958f6b84a4c2dcab592c110ebbedhttps://remedy.med.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3702Elaboration of carotid atherosclerosis in the setting of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection should emphasize the significance of extrahepatic manifestations of the infection pathogenesis. Diverse processes comprise the pathoevolution of HBV infection, rendering it a multi-systemic disease in its essence. Our work not only exemplified atherosclerosis as an often-underestimated contributor to the severity of HBV infection but has also highlighted the bidirectional relationship between the two. Therefore, it is suggested that HBV-induced inflammation is one of the root causes of atherosclerosis, which in turn has a consequent effect on the severity of the chronic infection disease state, creating a vicious cycle. Additionally, we coupled prior data with the current concepts of HBV infection to postulate intriguing perspectives and theories. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.Arterial inflammationCarotid atherosclerosisHepatitis B e antigenHepatitis B virus infectionPerspectivesTrends