Vujovic, Svetlana (57225380338)Svetlana (57225380338)VujovicTancic-Gajic, Milina (25121743400)Milina (25121743400)Tancic-GajicMarina, Ljiljana (36523361900)Ljiljana (36523361900)MarinaArizanovic, Zorana (55574872500)Zorana (55574872500)ArizanovicStojanovic, Zorana (57790400000)Zorana (57790400000)StojanovicBarac, Branko (56199801200)Branko (56199801200)BaracDjogo, Aleksandar (57189999618)Aleksandar (57189999618)DjogoIvovic, Miomira (6507747450)Miomira (6507747450)Ivovic2025-06-122025-06-122018https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63540-8_16https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085478223&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-63540-8_16&partnerID=40&md5=d397bc1b78c6ad553594e112301019a6https://remedy.med.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6491In the ancient Rome, average life duration was 23 years; in Sweden at the end of the eighteenth century, 36.6 years for women and 33.7 for men; and in many European countries at the beginning of the twenty-first century, life expectancy was 72 and 76 years, respectively. The menopause (period in women’s life 1 year after the last menstruation until the end of life) and involutive hypoandrogenism in males (testosterone below 12 nmol/L and typical symptoms) are characterized by decrease of gonadal steroids and initiating of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Rahman [1] found that women who entered early menopause (40–45 years) had 40% increase of heart disease. Meta-analysis confirmed these data (Table 16.1). © 2018, International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.Average Life DurationCalcium SparksIschemic Heart DiseaseMicrosomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP)Steroid Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)